Effect of oral contraceptives on visual evoked potentials in premenopausal females
Keywords:
Visual Evoked Potential, Visual Evoked Response, Menstrual Cycle, Oral Contraceptives
Abstract
Introduction: The sex hormones are not only restricted to the influence the reproductive organs and processes in the female body, but also have great effect on the functioning of the nervous system. Evoked potentials are one of the many electrophysiological parameters, used to assess the neuronal functioning. The aim of this prospective study was to analyze the effects of oral contraceptive pills on the visual evoked potentials in premenopausal females.
Methods: The VEP was measured in 76 females during follicular and luteal phases of their menstrual cycle, and latencies of the three waveforms N70, P100 and N135 were measured. All the subjects were prescribed oral contraceptive pills containing 0.03 mg estradiol and 0.15 levonorgestrel. The VEP latencies were measured again after 4 months of oral contraceptive intake.
Result: The result showed an increase in all the three latencies of VEP waveforms due to oral contraceptive intake. Although the increase in latencies were not significant (P>0.05).
Conclusion: Hence it was concluded that VEP seems to be influenced by the female steroid hormones during the menstrual cycle and also due to oral intake in the form of contraceptives.
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References
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31. Picton TW, Stapells DR and Campbell KB. Auditory evoked potentials from the human cochlea and brainstem. J Otolarygol. Suppl.. 1981 Aug;9:1-41. [PubMed]
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33. Elkind-Hirsch KE, Wallace E, Malinak LR and Jerger JJ. Sex hormones regulate ABR latency, Otolaryngol. Head. Neck. Surg. 1994 Jan;110(1):46-52. [PubMed]
34. Morris NM, Udry JR, Khan-Dawood F and Dawood MY. Marital sex frequency and midcycle female testosterone. Arch. Sex. Behav. 1987 Feb;16(1):27-37. [PubMed]
35. Bancroft J, Sherwin BB, Alexander GM et al. Oral contraceptives, androgens, and the sexuality of young women:II. The role of androgens. Arch. Sex. Behav. 1991 Apr;20(2):121-35. [PubMed]
36. DeCherney AH. Hormone receptors and sexuality in the human female. J. Women Health Gend. Based Med. 2000;9:9-13. [PubMed]
37. Woolley CS, Weiland NG, McEwen BS, et al. Estradiol increases the sensitivity of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells to NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic input: correlation with dendritic spine density. J Neurosci 1997 Mar 1;17(5):1848-59. [PubMed]
38. Weiland NG. Estradiol selectively regulates agonist binding sites on the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor complex in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Endocrinology. 1992 Aug;131(2):662-8.
2. Maggi A, Perez J. Minireview: Role of female gonadal hormones in the CNS: Clinical and experimental aspects. Life Science. 1985;37:893-06. [PubMed]
3. Parlee MB. Menstrual rhythms in sensory processes: a review of fluctuations in vision, olfaction, audition, taste and touch. Psychol. Bull. 1983 May;93(3),539-48. [PubMed]
4. Caruso S, Grillo C, Agnello C, Maioloino L, Intelisano G and Serra A. A prospective study evidencing rhinomanometric and olfactometric outcomes in women taking oral contraceptives. Hum. Reprod. 2001;16:2288-94.
5. Grillo C, La Mantia I, Triolo C, Scollo A, La Boria A, Intelisano G and Caruso S. Rhinomanometric and olfactometric variations throughout the menstrual cycle. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Larygol. 2001;110:785-89. [PubMed]
6. Finger TE and Silver WL. Neurobiology of Taste and Smell. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida. 1991.
7. Bancroft J, Cook A, Williamson L. Food craving, mood and the menstrual cycle. Psychological Medicine. 1988;18:855-860. [PubMed]
8. Klaiber EL, Kobayashi Y, Broverman DM. Plasma monoaminoxidase activity in regular menstruating women and in amenorrheic women receiving cyclic treatment with estrogen and progestin. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Catabolism. 1971;33:630-38. [PubMed]
9. Backstrom T. Epoleptic seizures in women related to plasma estrogen and progesterone during menstrual cycle. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica.1976;54:321-47. [PubMed]
10. Logothetis J, Harner R. Electrocortical activation by estrogen. Arch Neurol. 1960 Sep;3:290-7. [PubMed]
11. Coleman JR, Campbell D, Cooper WA, Welsh MG, and Moyer J. Auditory brainstem responses after ovariectomy and estrogen replacement in rat. Hear. Res. 1994 Nov;80(2):209-15. [PubMed]
12. Bruce J and Russel GFM. Premenstrual tension: a study of weight changes and balances of sodium, water and potassium. Lancet. 1962 Aug;2(7250):267-71. [PubMed]
13. Haggard M and Gaston GB. Changes in auditory perception in the menstrual cycle. Br. J. Audiol. 1978 Nov;12(4):105-18. [PubMed]
14. McEwen BS. Non-genomic and genomic effects of steroid on neuronal activity. Trends Pharm. Sci. 1991 Apr;12(4):141-7. [PubMed]
15. Elkind- Hirsch KE, Wallace E, Stach BA and Jerger JF. Cyclic steroid replacement alters auditory brainstem response in young women with premature ovarian failure. Hear. Res. 1992 Dec;64(1):93-98.
16. Jewett DL and Williston JS. Auditory evoked fields averaged from the scalp of human brain. 1971;94(4):681-96.doi: 10.1093/brain/94.4.681. [PubMed]
17. Sohmer H and Feinmesser M. Electrocochleography in clinical-audiological diagnosis. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol. 1974;206(2):91-102. [PubMed]
18. Nuwer MR. Fundamentals of evoked potentials and common clinical applications today. Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. 1998 Feb;106(2):142-48. [PubMed]
19. Odom JV, Bach M, Barber C, Brigell M, Marmor MF, Tormene AP, et al. Visual evoked potentials standard. Doc Ophthalmol. 2004 Mar;108(2):115-23. [PubMed]
20. Mishra UK, Kalita J. In; Clinical Neurophysiology. Editors, Mishra UK, Kalita J; 1st ed. New Delhi: Elsevier; 2004. Visual Evoked Potential; pp.249-66.
21. Stockard JJ, Hughes JF, Sharbrough F. Visual evoked potentials in electronic pattern reversal: Latency variations with gender, age, and technical factors. American Journal of EEG Technology.1979;19:171-204.
22. Trune DN, Miehell C and Phillips DS. The relative importance of head size, gender and age on auditory brainstem response. Hear. Res. 1988 Feb-Mar;32(2):165-74. [PubMed]
23. Baker MA, and Weiler EM. Sex of listener and hormonal correlated of auditory thresholds. Br. J. Audiol. 1977 Aug;11(3):65-8. [PubMed]
24. McFadden D. Sex difference in the auditory system. Dev. Neuropsychol. 1998;14(2-3):261-98. Doi 10.1080/87565649809540712. [PubMed]
25. Caruso S, Maiolino L, Ruggolo S, Intelisano G, Farina M, Cocuzza S, Serra A. Auditory brainstem response in premenopausal women taking oral contraceptives. Hum. Reprod. 2003 Jan;18(1):85-9. [PubMed]
26. Swanson SJ and Dengerink HA. Changes in pure-tone thresholds and temporary thresholds shifts as a function of menstrual cycle and oral contraceptives. J. Speech Hear. Res. 1988 Dec;31(4):569-74. [PubMed]
27. American Clinical Neurophysiology Society. Guideline 5: guidelines for standard electrode position nomenclature. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2006 Apr;23(2):107-10.
28. Elkind-Hirsch KE, Stoner WR, Stach BA, Jerger JF. Estrogen influences auditory brainstem responses during the normal menstrual cycle. Hear Res. 1992 Jul;60(2):143-8. [PubMed]
28. Fagan PA and Church GT. Effect of the menstrual cycle on the auditory brainstem response. Audiology. 1986;25(6):321-8. [PubMed]
29. McFadden D. Masculinizing effects on otoacoustic emissions and auditory evoked potentials in women using oral contraceptives. Hear Res. 2000 Apr; 142(1-2):23-33. [PubMed]
30. Caruso S, Cianci A, Grasso D, Agnello C, Galvaani F, Maiolino L, Serra A. Auditory brainstem response in postmenopausal women treated with hormone replacement therapy: a pilot studyenopause. 2000 May-Jun;7(3):178-83.
31. Picton TW, Stapells DR and Campbell KB. Auditory evoked potentials from the human cochlea and brainstem. J Otolarygol. Suppl.. 1981 Aug;9:1-41. [PubMed]
32. Elkind-Hirsch KE, Stoner WR, Stach BA, and Jerger JJ. Estrogen influences auditory brainstem response during the normal menstrual cycle. Hear. Res. 1992 Jul;60(2):143-8. [PubMed]
33. Elkind-Hirsch KE, Wallace E, Malinak LR and Jerger JJ. Sex hormones regulate ABR latency, Otolaryngol. Head. Neck. Surg. 1994 Jan;110(1):46-52. [PubMed]
34. Morris NM, Udry JR, Khan-Dawood F and Dawood MY. Marital sex frequency and midcycle female testosterone. Arch. Sex. Behav. 1987 Feb;16(1):27-37. [PubMed]
35. Bancroft J, Sherwin BB, Alexander GM et al. Oral contraceptives, androgens, and the sexuality of young women:II. The role of androgens. Arch. Sex. Behav. 1991 Apr;20(2):121-35. [PubMed]
36. DeCherney AH. Hormone receptors and sexuality in the human female. J. Women Health Gend. Based Med. 2000;9:9-13. [PubMed]
37. Woolley CS, Weiland NG, McEwen BS, et al. Estradiol increases the sensitivity of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells to NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic input: correlation with dendritic spine density. J Neurosci 1997 Mar 1;17(5):1848-59. [PubMed]
38. Weiland NG. Estradiol selectively regulates agonist binding sites on the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor complex in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Endocrinology. 1992 Aug;131(2):662-8.
CITATION
DOI: 10.17511/ijmrr.2015.i10.208
Published: 2015-11-30
How to Cite
1.
singh Rajpoot R, Tandon S, Kumar P, Verma D. Effect of oral contraceptives on visual evoked potentials in premenopausal females. Int J Med Res Rev [Internet]. 2015Nov.30 [cited 2024Nov.19];3(10):1151-6. Available from: https://ijmrr.medresearch.in/index.php/ijmrr/article/view/383
Section
Original Article
OAI - Open Archives Initiative
