A Rare Case of Macrophage Activation Syndrome in a Neonate
Keywords:
Macrophage Activation Syndrome, Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis, Cytopenia, Hemophagocytosis
Abstract
Macrophage activation syndrome is excessive proliferation of macrophages associated with hemophagocytosis in bone marrow. It is characterized by fever >38.5oC for ≥7 days, splenomegaly, cytopenias (≥2 lineages), hypertriglyceridemia/ hypofibrinogenemia & hemophagocytosis. MAS occurying in neonatal period is very rare & only 2 sporadic case reports are available.We report a case of a neonate with MAS who presented with unremitting fever, hepatosplenomegaly, cytopenia, hyperferritinemia, with bone marrow suggestive of Hemophagocytosis.
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References
1. Hatchouel M, Prieur AM, Griscelli C. Acute hemorrhagic, hepatic, and neurologic manifestations in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: possible relationship to drugs or infection. J Pediatr. 1985;106:561–566. J Pediatr. 1985 Apr;106(4):561-6.
2. Stephan JL, Zeller J, Hubert P, Herbelin C, Dayer JM, Prieur AM. Macrophage activation syndrome and rheumatic disease in childhood: a report of four new cases. Clin Exp Rheumatol.1993 Jul-Aug ;11(4) :451–456. [PubMed]
3. Risdall RJ, McKenna RW, Nesbit ME, Krivit W, Balfour HH Jr, Simmons RL, Brunning RD. Virus associated hemophagocytic syndrome: a benign histiocytic proliferation distinct from malignant histiocytosis. Cancer. 1979 Sep;44(3):993-1002. [PubMed]
4. Silverman ED, Miller JJ, Bernstein B, Shafai T. Consumption coagulopathy associated with systemic juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Pediatr 1983 Dec ;103(6) :872–6. [PubMed]
5. Grom AA. NK dysfunction: a common pathway in systemic onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, macrophage activation syndrome, and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Arthritis Rheum 2004; 50:689–698.
6. Stéphan JL, Koné-Paut I, Galambrun C, Mouy R, Bader-Meunier B, Prieur AM. Reactive haemophagocytic syndrome in children with inflammatory disorders. A retrospective study of 24 patients. Rheumatology. 2001;40:1285–1292.
7. Mina Hur, Young Chul Kim, Kyu Man Lee, and Kwang Nam Kim. Macrophage Activation Syndrome in a Child with Systemic Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis; J Korean Med Sci. 2005 Aug; 20(4): 695–698. doi: 10.3346/jkms.2005.20.4.695.
8. Hadchouel M, Prieur AM, Griscelli C. Acute hemorrhagic, hepatic, and neurologic manifestations in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: possible relationship to drugs or infection. J Pediatr. 1985 Apr ;106(4) :561–6. [PubMed]
9. Roman Leonid Kleynberg, Gary J. Schiller . Secondary Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis in Adults: An Update on Diagnosis and Therapy. Clinical Advances in Hematology & Oncology Volume 10, Issue 11 November 2012. [PubMed]
10. J H Park, S H Kim, H J Kim, S J Lee, D C Jeong and S Y Kim. Macrophage activation syndrome in a newborn infant born to a mother with autoimmune disease; Journal of Perinatology 35, 158-160 (February 2015) .doi:10.1038/jp.2014.207. [PubMed]
11. Jung Woo Rhim, Soo Young Lee, Joo Hyung Park, Soon Joo Lee, So Young Kim, Dae-Chul Jeong. Macrophage activation syndrome in a newborn infant born to a untreated mother with adult onset still disease; Pediatr Rheumatol Online J. 2014; 12(Suppl 1): P216., doi: 10.1186/1546-0096-12-S1-P216.
12. Kazuki Yamazawa, Kazuki Kodo, Jun Maeda,Sayu Omori, Mariko Hida, Tetsuya Mori, Midori Awazu. Hyponatremia, Hypophosphatemia, and Hypouricemia in a Girl With Macrophage Activation Syndrome; PEDIATRICS Volume 118, Number 6, December 2006. [PubMed]
13. Ravelli A. Macrophage activation syndrome. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2002 Sep ;14(5) :548–552. [PubMed]
14. Grom AA. Macrophage activation syndrome and reactive hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: the same entities? Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2003;15:587–590.
15. N. Suresh, J. Sankar. Macrophage activation syndrome: a rare complication of incomplete Kawasaki disease; Annals of Tropical Paediatrics .2010 Mar,30(1), pp. 61-64. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/146532810X12637745452239.
16. Imashuku S, Teramura T, Morimoto A, Hibi S. Recent developments in the management of haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2001;2:1437–1448. doi: 10.1517/14656566.2.9.1437. [PubMed]
17. Emmenegger U, Zehnder R, Frey U, Reimers A, Spaeth PJ, Neftel KA. Elevation of soluble Fas and soluble Fas Ligand in reactive macrophage activation syndrome. Am J Hematol. 2000 Jun ;64(2):116–119. [PubMed]
18. Akashi K, Hayashi S, Gondo H, Mizuno S, Harada M, Tamura K, Yamasaki K, Shibuya T, Uike N, Okamura T. Involvement of interferon-gamma and macrophage colony-stimulating factor in pathogenesis of haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in adults. Br J Haematol. 1994 Jun ; 87(2):243–250.
19. Kejian Zhang, Jennifer Biroschak, David N. Glass, Susan Thompson, Terri Finkel, Murray H. Passo, Bryce A. Binstadt, Alexandra Filipovich, Alexei A. Macrophage Activation Syndrome in Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis is Associated With MUNC13-4 Gene Polymorphisms; Arthritis Rheum. 2008 Sep; 58(9): 2892–2896. doi: 10.1002/art.23734.
20. Sullivan KE, Delaat CA, Douglas SD, Filipovich AH. Defective natural killer cell function in patients with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and in first degree relatives. Pediatr Res. 1998 Oct ;44(4) :465–8.
21. Hirst WJ1, Layton DM, Singh S, Mieli-Vergani G, Chessells JM, Strobel S, Pritchard J. Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: experience at two U.K. centres; Br J Haematol. 1994 Dec;88(4):731-9. [PubMed]
22. Ravelli A, Magni-Manzoni S, Pistorio A, Ruperto N, Magni-Manzoni S. Preliminary diagnostic guidelines for macrophage activation syndrome complicating systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis. J Pediatr.2005 May ;146(5) :598–604. [PubMed]
23. Sawhney S, Woo P, Murray KJ. Macrophage activation syndrome: a potentially fatal complication of rheumatic disorders. Arch Dis Child. 2001 Nov;85(5):421–426. [PubMed]
24. Jaing TH, Chiu CH, Lo WC, Lu CS, Chang KW. Epstein Barr Virus associated hemophagocytic syndrome masquerading as lymphoma: A case report. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2001Jun ;34(2) :147–9.
25. Favara BE. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: a hemophagocytic syndrome. Semin Diagn Pathol. 1992 Feb ; 9(1):63–74.
26. Favara BE, Feller AC, Pauli M, Jaffe ES, Weiss LM, Arico M, Bucsky P, Egeler RM, Elinder G, Gadner H, Gresik M, Henter JI, Imashuku S, Janka-Schaub G, Jaffe R, Ladisch S, Nezelof C, Pritchard J. Contemporary classification of histiocytic disorders. The WHO Committee On Histiocytic/Reticulum Cell Proliferations. Reclassification Working Group of the Histiocyte Society. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1997 Sep ;29(3) :157–66.
27. Sotto A1, Bessis D, Porneuf M, Taib J, Ciurana AJ, Jourdan J. Syndrome of hemophagocytosis associated with infections; Pathol Biol (Paris). 1994 Nov;42(9):861-7. [PubMed]
28. Henter JI, Elinder G, Soder O, Ost, A. Incidence in Sweden and clinical features of familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1991 Apr ;80(4):428-435. DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1991.tb11878.x
29. Farquhar JW, Claireaux AE. Familial haemophagocytic reticulosis. Arch Dis Child. 1952;27:519-525. doi:10.1136/adc.27.136.519. [PubMed]
30. Athreya BH. Is macrophage activation syndrome a new entity? Clin Exp Rheumatol 2002; 20:121–123. [PubMed]
31. Ramanan AV, Baildam EM. Macrophage activation syndrome is hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: need for the right terminology. J Rheumatol 2002; 29:1105. [PubMed]
32. Foucar K. Histiocytic disorders involving bone marrow. In: Foucar K, editor. Bone marrow pathology. 2nd edition. Chicago: ASCP press; 2001. pp. 521–541.
33. Filipovich HA: Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Immunol Allergy Clin N. Am 2002, 22:281–300.
34. Henter JI, Elinder G, Ost A. Diagnostic guidelines for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. The FHL Study Group of the Histiocyte Society. Semin Oncol 1991 Feb; 18(1): 29–33.
35. Parodi A, Davı` S, Pringe AB, Pistorio A, Ruperto N, Magni-Manzoni S. Macrophage activation syndrome in juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus: multinational multicenter study of 38 patients. Arthritis Rheum 2009; 60:3388–3399.
36. Henter JI, Horne A, Arico M, Egeler RM, Filipovich AH, Imashuku S, Ladisch S, McClain K. HLH-2004: Diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2007 Feb ;48(2):124–31.
37. Emmenegger U, Reimers A, Frey U, Fux CH, Bihl F, Semela D, Cottagnoud P, Cerny A, Spaeth PJ, Neftel KA. Reactive macrophage activation syndrome: a simple screening strategy and its potential in early treatment initiation. Swiss Med Wkly. 2002; May 4;132(17-18):230-6.
38. Reiner AP, Spivak JL. Hematophagic histiocytosis. A report of 23 new patients and a review of the literature. Medicine 1988;67:369–88. [PubMed]
39. Schooley JC, Kullgren B, Allison AC. Inhibition by interleukin-1 of the action of erythropoietin on erythroid precursors and its possible role in the pathogenesis of hypoplastic anaemias. Br J Haematol 1987;67:11–17. [PubMed]
40. Reinherz EL, O’Brien C, Rosenthal P, Schlossman SF. The cellular basis for viral-induced mmunodeficiency: analysis by monoclonal antibodies. J Immunol 1980;125:1269–74. [PubMed]
41. Mouy R, Stephan JL, Pillet P, et al. Efficacy of cyclosporine A in the treatment of macrophage activation syndrome in juvenile arthritis: report of five cases. J Pediatr 1996;129: 750–4. [PubMed]
42. Murphy SB. Cyclosporine in activated macrophage and histiocytic syndromes. J Pediatr 1997 Jun;130 (6): 1012.
43. Blanche S, Caniglia M, Fischer A, Griscelli C. Epstein–Barr virus associated hemophagocytic syndrome: clinical presentation and treatment. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1989; 6(3): 233–5
44. Henter JI, Aricò M, Egeler RM, Elinder G, Favara BE, Filipovich AH, Gadner H, Imashuku S, Janka-Schaub G, Komp D, Ladisch S, Webb D; HLH-94: a treatment protocol for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. HLH study Group of the Histiocyte Society. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1997 May;28(5):342-7. [PubMed]
45. Stephan JL, Donadieu J, Ledeist F, Blanche S, Griscelli C, Fischer A. Treatment of familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis with antithymocyte globulins, steroids and cyclosporine A. Blood 1993 Oct 15; 82(8): 2319–23.
46. Chan-Ran You, Hae-Rim Kim, Chong-Hyeon Yoon, Sang-Heon Lee, Sung-Hwan Park, and Ho-Youn Kim. Macrophage Activation Syndrome in Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis Successfully Treated with Cyclosporine A : A Case Report. J Korean Med Sci. 2006 Dec; 21(6): 1124–1127.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2006.21.6.1124. [PubMed]
47. Mouy R, Stephan JL, Pillet P, Haddad E, Hubert P, Prieur AM. Efficacy of cyclosporine A in the treatment of macrophage activation syndrome in juvenile arthritis: report of five cases. J Pediatr. 1996 Nov ;129(5):750–754. [PubMed]
48. Attur MG, Patel R, Thakker G, Vyas P, Levartovsky D, Patel P, Naqvi S, Raza R, Patel K, Abramson D, Bruno G, Abramson SB, Amin AR. Differential anti-inflammatory effects of immunosuppressive drugs: cyclosporin, rapamycin and FK-506 on inducible nitric oxide synthase, nitric oxide, cyclooxygenase-2 and PGE2 production. Inflamm Res. 2000 Jan ;49(1) :20–26.
49. Prahlad S, Bove Ke,Dickens D, Lovell Dj, Grom AA: Etanercept in the treatment of macrophage activation syndrome J Rheuma tol 2001; 28: 2120-4.
2. Stephan JL, Zeller J, Hubert P, Herbelin C, Dayer JM, Prieur AM. Macrophage activation syndrome and rheumatic disease in childhood: a report of four new cases. Clin Exp Rheumatol.1993 Jul-Aug ;11(4) :451–456. [PubMed]
3. Risdall RJ, McKenna RW, Nesbit ME, Krivit W, Balfour HH Jr, Simmons RL, Brunning RD. Virus associated hemophagocytic syndrome: a benign histiocytic proliferation distinct from malignant histiocytosis. Cancer. 1979 Sep;44(3):993-1002. [PubMed]
4. Silverman ED, Miller JJ, Bernstein B, Shafai T. Consumption coagulopathy associated with systemic juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Pediatr 1983 Dec ;103(6) :872–6. [PubMed]
5. Grom AA. NK dysfunction: a common pathway in systemic onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, macrophage activation syndrome, and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Arthritis Rheum 2004; 50:689–698.
6. Stéphan JL, Koné-Paut I, Galambrun C, Mouy R, Bader-Meunier B, Prieur AM. Reactive haemophagocytic syndrome in children with inflammatory disorders. A retrospective study of 24 patients. Rheumatology. 2001;40:1285–1292.
7. Mina Hur, Young Chul Kim, Kyu Man Lee, and Kwang Nam Kim. Macrophage Activation Syndrome in a Child with Systemic Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis; J Korean Med Sci. 2005 Aug; 20(4): 695–698. doi: 10.3346/jkms.2005.20.4.695.
8. Hadchouel M, Prieur AM, Griscelli C. Acute hemorrhagic, hepatic, and neurologic manifestations in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: possible relationship to drugs or infection. J Pediatr. 1985 Apr ;106(4) :561–6. [PubMed]
9. Roman Leonid Kleynberg, Gary J. Schiller . Secondary Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis in Adults: An Update on Diagnosis and Therapy. Clinical Advances in Hematology & Oncology Volume 10, Issue 11 November 2012. [PubMed]
10. J H Park, S H Kim, H J Kim, S J Lee, D C Jeong and S Y Kim. Macrophage activation syndrome in a newborn infant born to a mother with autoimmune disease; Journal of Perinatology 35, 158-160 (February 2015) .doi:10.1038/jp.2014.207. [PubMed]
11. Jung Woo Rhim, Soo Young Lee, Joo Hyung Park, Soon Joo Lee, So Young Kim, Dae-Chul Jeong. Macrophage activation syndrome in a newborn infant born to a untreated mother with adult onset still disease; Pediatr Rheumatol Online J. 2014; 12(Suppl 1): P216., doi: 10.1186/1546-0096-12-S1-P216.
12. Kazuki Yamazawa, Kazuki Kodo, Jun Maeda,Sayu Omori, Mariko Hida, Tetsuya Mori, Midori Awazu. Hyponatremia, Hypophosphatemia, and Hypouricemia in a Girl With Macrophage Activation Syndrome; PEDIATRICS Volume 118, Number 6, December 2006. [PubMed]
13. Ravelli A. Macrophage activation syndrome. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2002 Sep ;14(5) :548–552. [PubMed]
14. Grom AA. Macrophage activation syndrome and reactive hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: the same entities? Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2003;15:587–590.
15. N. Suresh, J. Sankar. Macrophage activation syndrome: a rare complication of incomplete Kawasaki disease; Annals of Tropical Paediatrics .2010 Mar,30(1), pp. 61-64. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/146532810X12637745452239.
16. Imashuku S, Teramura T, Morimoto A, Hibi S. Recent developments in the management of haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2001;2:1437–1448. doi: 10.1517/14656566.2.9.1437. [PubMed]
17. Emmenegger U, Zehnder R, Frey U, Reimers A, Spaeth PJ, Neftel KA. Elevation of soluble Fas and soluble Fas Ligand in reactive macrophage activation syndrome. Am J Hematol. 2000 Jun ;64(2):116–119. [PubMed]
18. Akashi K, Hayashi S, Gondo H, Mizuno S, Harada M, Tamura K, Yamasaki K, Shibuya T, Uike N, Okamura T. Involvement of interferon-gamma and macrophage colony-stimulating factor in pathogenesis of haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in adults. Br J Haematol. 1994 Jun ; 87(2):243–250.
19. Kejian Zhang, Jennifer Biroschak, David N. Glass, Susan Thompson, Terri Finkel, Murray H. Passo, Bryce A. Binstadt, Alexandra Filipovich, Alexei A. Macrophage Activation Syndrome in Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis is Associated With MUNC13-4 Gene Polymorphisms; Arthritis Rheum. 2008 Sep; 58(9): 2892–2896. doi: 10.1002/art.23734.
20. Sullivan KE, Delaat CA, Douglas SD, Filipovich AH. Defective natural killer cell function in patients with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and in first degree relatives. Pediatr Res. 1998 Oct ;44(4) :465–8.
21. Hirst WJ1, Layton DM, Singh S, Mieli-Vergani G, Chessells JM, Strobel S, Pritchard J. Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: experience at two U.K. centres; Br J Haematol. 1994 Dec;88(4):731-9. [PubMed]
22. Ravelli A, Magni-Manzoni S, Pistorio A, Ruperto N, Magni-Manzoni S. Preliminary diagnostic guidelines for macrophage activation syndrome complicating systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis. J Pediatr.2005 May ;146(5) :598–604. [PubMed]
23. Sawhney S, Woo P, Murray KJ. Macrophage activation syndrome: a potentially fatal complication of rheumatic disorders. Arch Dis Child. 2001 Nov;85(5):421–426. [PubMed]
24. Jaing TH, Chiu CH, Lo WC, Lu CS, Chang KW. Epstein Barr Virus associated hemophagocytic syndrome masquerading as lymphoma: A case report. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2001Jun ;34(2) :147–9.
25. Favara BE. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: a hemophagocytic syndrome. Semin Diagn Pathol. 1992 Feb ; 9(1):63–74.
26. Favara BE, Feller AC, Pauli M, Jaffe ES, Weiss LM, Arico M, Bucsky P, Egeler RM, Elinder G, Gadner H, Gresik M, Henter JI, Imashuku S, Janka-Schaub G, Jaffe R, Ladisch S, Nezelof C, Pritchard J. Contemporary classification of histiocytic disorders. The WHO Committee On Histiocytic/Reticulum Cell Proliferations. Reclassification Working Group of the Histiocyte Society. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1997 Sep ;29(3) :157–66.
27. Sotto A1, Bessis D, Porneuf M, Taib J, Ciurana AJ, Jourdan J. Syndrome of hemophagocytosis associated with infections; Pathol Biol (Paris). 1994 Nov;42(9):861-7. [PubMed]
28. Henter JI, Elinder G, Soder O, Ost, A. Incidence in Sweden and clinical features of familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1991 Apr ;80(4):428-435. DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1991.tb11878.x
29. Farquhar JW, Claireaux AE. Familial haemophagocytic reticulosis. Arch Dis Child. 1952;27:519-525. doi:10.1136/adc.27.136.519. [PubMed]
30. Athreya BH. Is macrophage activation syndrome a new entity? Clin Exp Rheumatol 2002; 20:121–123. [PubMed]
31. Ramanan AV, Baildam EM. Macrophage activation syndrome is hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: need for the right terminology. J Rheumatol 2002; 29:1105. [PubMed]
32. Foucar K. Histiocytic disorders involving bone marrow. In: Foucar K, editor. Bone marrow pathology. 2nd edition. Chicago: ASCP press; 2001. pp. 521–541.
33. Filipovich HA: Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Immunol Allergy Clin N. Am 2002, 22:281–300.
34. Henter JI, Elinder G, Ost A. Diagnostic guidelines for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. The FHL Study Group of the Histiocyte Society. Semin Oncol 1991 Feb; 18(1): 29–33.
35. Parodi A, Davı` S, Pringe AB, Pistorio A, Ruperto N, Magni-Manzoni S. Macrophage activation syndrome in juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus: multinational multicenter study of 38 patients. Arthritis Rheum 2009; 60:3388–3399.
36. Henter JI, Horne A, Arico M, Egeler RM, Filipovich AH, Imashuku S, Ladisch S, McClain K. HLH-2004: Diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2007 Feb ;48(2):124–31.
37. Emmenegger U, Reimers A, Frey U, Fux CH, Bihl F, Semela D, Cottagnoud P, Cerny A, Spaeth PJ, Neftel KA. Reactive macrophage activation syndrome: a simple screening strategy and its potential in early treatment initiation. Swiss Med Wkly. 2002; May 4;132(17-18):230-6.
38. Reiner AP, Spivak JL. Hematophagic histiocytosis. A report of 23 new patients and a review of the literature. Medicine 1988;67:369–88. [PubMed]
39. Schooley JC, Kullgren B, Allison AC. Inhibition by interleukin-1 of the action of erythropoietin on erythroid precursors and its possible role in the pathogenesis of hypoplastic anaemias. Br J Haematol 1987;67:11–17. [PubMed]
40. Reinherz EL, O’Brien C, Rosenthal P, Schlossman SF. The cellular basis for viral-induced mmunodeficiency: analysis by monoclonal antibodies. J Immunol 1980;125:1269–74. [PubMed]
41. Mouy R, Stephan JL, Pillet P, et al. Efficacy of cyclosporine A in the treatment of macrophage activation syndrome in juvenile arthritis: report of five cases. J Pediatr 1996;129: 750–4. [PubMed]
42. Murphy SB. Cyclosporine in activated macrophage and histiocytic syndromes. J Pediatr 1997 Jun;130 (6): 1012.
43. Blanche S, Caniglia M, Fischer A, Griscelli C. Epstein–Barr virus associated hemophagocytic syndrome: clinical presentation and treatment. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1989; 6(3): 233–5
44. Henter JI, Aricò M, Egeler RM, Elinder G, Favara BE, Filipovich AH, Gadner H, Imashuku S, Janka-Schaub G, Komp D, Ladisch S, Webb D; HLH-94: a treatment protocol for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. HLH study Group of the Histiocyte Society. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1997 May;28(5):342-7. [PubMed]
45. Stephan JL, Donadieu J, Ledeist F, Blanche S, Griscelli C, Fischer A. Treatment of familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis with antithymocyte globulins, steroids and cyclosporine A. Blood 1993 Oct 15; 82(8): 2319–23.
46. Chan-Ran You, Hae-Rim Kim, Chong-Hyeon Yoon, Sang-Heon Lee, Sung-Hwan Park, and Ho-Youn Kim. Macrophage Activation Syndrome in Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis Successfully Treated with Cyclosporine A : A Case Report. J Korean Med Sci. 2006 Dec; 21(6): 1124–1127.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2006.21.6.1124. [PubMed]
47. Mouy R, Stephan JL, Pillet P, Haddad E, Hubert P, Prieur AM. Efficacy of cyclosporine A in the treatment of macrophage activation syndrome in juvenile arthritis: report of five cases. J Pediatr. 1996 Nov ;129(5):750–754. [PubMed]
48. Attur MG, Patel R, Thakker G, Vyas P, Levartovsky D, Patel P, Naqvi S, Raza R, Patel K, Abramson D, Bruno G, Abramson SB, Amin AR. Differential anti-inflammatory effects of immunosuppressive drugs: cyclosporin, rapamycin and FK-506 on inducible nitric oxide synthase, nitric oxide, cyclooxygenase-2 and PGE2 production. Inflamm Res. 2000 Jan ;49(1) :20–26.
49. Prahlad S, Bove Ke,Dickens D, Lovell Dj, Grom AA: Etanercept in the treatment of macrophage activation syndrome J Rheuma tol 2001; 28: 2120-4.
CITATION
DOI: 10.17511/ijmrr.2015.i3.057
Published: 2015-04-30
How to Cite
1.
Chandran R, Parakh H, Murkhy R, Rao MM. A Rare Case of Macrophage Activation Syndrome in a Neonate. Int J Med Res Rev [Internet]. 2015Apr.30 [cited 2024Jul.3];3(3):345-9. Available from: https://ijmrr.medresearch.in/index.php/ijmrr/article/view/237
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