Dentinal tubule disinfection with 2% Chlorhexidine Gel, Aloe Vera, Propolis, Septilin, and Calcium Hydroxide
Keywords:
Dentine tubule disinfection, E. faecalis, calcium hydroxide, chlorhexidine gel, Propolis, Septilin, Aloe vera
Abstract
Aim: To investigate the antimicrobial activity 2% Chlorhexidine gel (CHX), Aloe vera, Propolis, Septilin and Calcium hydroxide [Ca (OH) 2 ] on Enterococcus faecalis infected root canal dentine at two different depths (200 µm and 400 µm) and three time intervals (day 1, 3 & 5).
Methodology: One hundred and eighty extracted human teeth were infected for 21 days with E.faecalis. Samples were divided into six groups. Group I (Saline) (Negative control), Group II (Propolis), Group III (2% CHX), Group IV (Aloe vera), Group V (Calcium hydroxide), Group VI (Septilin). At the end of 1, 3, and 5 days, the remaining vital bacterial population was assessed. Dentine shavings were collected at two depths (200 µm and 400 µm), and total numbers of colony forming units were determined. The values were analysed statistically with one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey multiple comparison test. The paired t-test was used to check for differences in growth at different time intervals within groups and for differences at the two depths (P < 0.01).
Results: The number of colony-forming units was statistically significant in all groups compared to the control group (Saline). Group III (CHX) and Group VI (septilin) (100%) produced better antimicrobial efficacy followed by aloe vera (78.94%), propolis (66.7%), calcium hydroxide (58.5%). There was significant difference between aloe vera and propolis and no significant difference between data at 200 µm and 400 µm.
Conclusion: Septilin and Aloe vera were effective against E.faecalis in dentine of extracted teeth.
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References
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33. Basrani B, Tjaderhane L, Santos M. Efficacy of Chlorhexidine and calcium hydroxide containing medicaments against Enterococcus faecalis in vitro. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics.2003; 96 (5): 618–24.
34. Saeed S, Tariq P . Antibacterial activities of Emblica officinalis and Coriandrum sativum against Gram negative urinary pathogens. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences.2007; 20(1):32-5.
35. Qiao YF, Wang SX, Wu LJ. Studies on antibacterial constituents from the roots of Rubia cordifolia L.Yao Xue Xue Bao.1990; 25(11):834-9.
36. Eilert U, Wolters B, Nahrstedt A. The antibiotic principle of seeds of Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala. Planta Medica.1981; 42(5):55-61.
37. Wynn RL. Aloe vera gel: Update for dentistry. General Dentistry.2005; 53(1):6-9.
38. Coats BC. The silent healer: A modern study of aloe vera. Garland, TX: B.C. Coats.1979.
39. Agarry, O.O; M.T.Olaleye and C.O.Bello-Michael. Comparative antimicrobial activities of aloe vera gel and leaf. African Journal of Biotechnology.2005; 4(12):1413-1414.
40. Kaithwas, A; G.Kumar, H.Pandey, A.K.Acharya, M.Singh, D. Bhatia and A. Mukerjee (2008). Investigation of comparative antimicrobial activity of aloe vera gel and juice.Pharmacology online 1:239-243.
41. Heck, E; M.Head, D.Nowak, P.Helm and Bxter . Aloe vera (gel) cream as topical treatment for out patient burns. Burns.1981;1;7(4):291-294.
42. Cete, S; F. Arslan and A.Yasar . Investigation of antimicrobial effects against some microorganisms of aloe vera and nerium oleander also examination of the effects of xanthine oxidase activity in liver tissue treated with cyclosporine. G.U.Fen Bilimleri Dergisi.2005; 18(3):375-380.
43.Grange JM, Davey RW . Antibacterial properties of Propolis (Bee Glue). Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 1990;83(3), 159–60.
44. Awawdeh L, AL-Beitawi M, Hammad M . Effectiveness of propolis and calcium hydroxide as a short-term intracanal medicament against Enterococcus faecalis: a laboratory study. Australian Endodontic Journal.2009;35(2)
2. Cavalleri G, Cuzzolin L,Urbani G,Benoni. Root canal microflora: qualitative changes after endodontic instrumentation. Journal of Chemotherapy. 1989;1:101-2.
3. Peciuliene V, Balciuniene I, Eriksen HM et al. Isolation of Enterococcus faecalis in previously root-filled canals in a Lithuanian population. J Endod. 2000 Oct;26(10):593-5.
4. Lee Y, Han SH, Hong SH, Lee JK, Ji H, Kum KY . Antimicrobial efficacy of a polymeric chlorhexidine release device using in vitro model of Enterococcus faecalis dentinal tubule infection. Journal of Endodontics.2008; 34: 855–7.
5. Spangberg LSW. Intracanal medication. In:Ingle JI, Bakland LK,eds.Endodontics,4th edn. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 627-40.
6. Hermann BW. Calciumhydroxyd Als Mittel Zum Behandein und Fullen Von Zahnwurzelkanalen (Dissertation). Wurzburg, Med. Diss.1920;sept:V.29.
7. Bystrom A, Claesson R, Sundqvist G . The antibacterial effect of camphorated paramonochlorophenol, camphorated phenol and calcium hydroxide in the treatment of infected root canals. Endodontics and Dental Traumatology.1985; 1(5) :170-5.
8. Hasselgren G, Olsson B, Cvek M . Effects of calcium hydroxide and sodium hypochlorite on the dissolution of necrotic porcine muscle tissue. Journal of Endodontics.1988; 14:125-7.
9. Tronstad L. Root resorption etiology, terminology and clinical manifestations. Endodontics and Dental Traumatology.1988; 4(6): 241-52.
10. Foreman PC, Barnes F. A review of calcium hydroxide. International Endodontic Journal.1990; 23(6): 283-97.
11. Gomes BPFA, Souza SFC, Ferraz CCR, Teixeira AA, Valdrighi L, Filho FJS . Effectiveness of 2% chlorhexidine gel and calcium hydroxide against Enterococcus faecalis in bovine root dentin in vitro. International Endodontic Journal.2003; 36: 267–75.
12. Gjermo . Chlorhexidine in dental practice.Journal of Clinical Periodontology.1974; 4(3):143-52.
13. Ferraz CCR, Gomes BPFA, Zaia AA, Teixeira FB, Souza- Filho FJ. In vitro assessment of the antimicrobial action and the mechanical ability or Chlorhexidine gel as an endodontic irrigant. Journal of Endodontics.2001; 27:452-5.
14. Vahdaty A, Pitt Ford TR, Wilson RF. Efficacy of the Chlorhexidine in disinfecting dentinal tubules in vitro. Endodontics and Dental Traumatology.1993; 9:243-8.
15. Cervone F,Tronstad L,Hammod B. Antibacterial effect of chlorhexidine in a controlled release delivary system. Endodontics and Dental Traumatology.1990; 1990; 6(1):33-6
16. Waler SM Further in vitro studies on the plaque inhibiting effect of chlorhexidine and its binding mechanisms. Scandinavia Journal of Dental Research.1990; 98(14):422-7
17. Lindskog S, Pierce AM ,Blomlof L. Chlorhexidine as a root canal medicament for treating inflammatory lesions in the periodontal space. Endodontics and Dental Traumatology.1998; 14:186-90
18. Daswani, B.R, Radha Yegnanarayan. Immunodulatory activity of Septilin, a polyherbal prepration. Phytotherapy research.2002; 16(2):162-165.
19. Ross DG . The anti-infective and anti-bacterial efficacy of Septilin. Probe .1984;23(2): 84-87.
20. Kumar PV, Kuttan G, Luttan R , Immunomodulatory activity of Septilin. Probe.1993; 33:1-5.
21.Udapa AL, Gurumadhva Rao S, Kulkarni DR. Wound healing profile of Septilin. Indian Journal of Physiology Pharmacology.1989; 33: 39-42.
22. Gadekar HA, Vijay A, Jyoti Vibha Komawar, Sonarwar SG . Septilin in acute tonsillitis in children below 12 years of age. Probe.1986; 25: 164-165.
23. Sharma SK, Agarwal HC, Dharam Pal, Bhikchandani DV. Septilin in infective dermatoses. Probe.1986; 25: 156-161.
24. Bhasin RC. Clinical evaluation of Septilin in chronic bronchitis. Indian Practitioner.1990; 43(1): 83-86
25. Prusty PK, Mahapatra MK, Mishra GC, Das RK. Septilin in the treatment of tropical eosinophilia. Indian Medical Journal.1985; 79: 161-165.
26. Viuda-Martos M, Ruiz-Navajas Y, Fernandez-Lopez J, Perez-Alvarez JA. Functional properties of honey, propolis, and royal jelly. Journal of Food Science.2008; 73 (9): R117–24
27. Bankova V . Chemical diversity of propolis and the problem of standardization. Journal Ethnopharmacology.2005; 100(1-2):114–7.
28. Cushnie TP, Lamb AJ. Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents.2005; 26(5):343–56
29. Shelton RM. Aloe vera its chemical and therapeutic properties. International Journal of Dermatology.1991; 30(10):679-83.
30. Hurley, J.C. Antibiotic Induced Release of Endotoxin: a reappraisal. Clinical Infectious Diseases.1992; 15 (5): 840-854.
31. Gur, D.; Ozalp, M.; Sumerkan,B.; Kaygusuz, A.; Toreci, K.; Koksal, I.; Over, U.; Soyletir, G. Relevance of antimicrobial resistance in Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Streptococcus pyogenes: results of a multicentre study in Turkey. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents.2002; 19(3): 207-211.
32. Krithikadatta J, Indria R, Dorothykalyani AL. Disinfection of dentinal tubules with 2% Chlorhexidine, 2% Metronidazole, Bioactive Glass when compared with Calcium Hydroxide as intracanal medicaments. Journal of Endodontics.2007; 33(12): 1473–6.
33. Basrani B, Tjaderhane L, Santos M. Efficacy of Chlorhexidine and calcium hydroxide containing medicaments against Enterococcus faecalis in vitro. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics.2003; 96 (5): 618–24.
34. Saeed S, Tariq P . Antibacterial activities of Emblica officinalis and Coriandrum sativum against Gram negative urinary pathogens. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences.2007; 20(1):32-5.
35. Qiao YF, Wang SX, Wu LJ. Studies on antibacterial constituents from the roots of Rubia cordifolia L.Yao Xue Xue Bao.1990; 25(11):834-9.
36. Eilert U, Wolters B, Nahrstedt A. The antibiotic principle of seeds of Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala. Planta Medica.1981; 42(5):55-61.
37. Wynn RL. Aloe vera gel: Update for dentistry. General Dentistry.2005; 53(1):6-9.
38. Coats BC. The silent healer: A modern study of aloe vera. Garland, TX: B.C. Coats.1979.
39. Agarry, O.O; M.T.Olaleye and C.O.Bello-Michael. Comparative antimicrobial activities of aloe vera gel and leaf. African Journal of Biotechnology.2005; 4(12):1413-1414.
40. Kaithwas, A; G.Kumar, H.Pandey, A.K.Acharya, M.Singh, D. Bhatia and A. Mukerjee (2008). Investigation of comparative antimicrobial activity of aloe vera gel and juice.Pharmacology online 1:239-243.
41. Heck, E; M.Head, D.Nowak, P.Helm and Bxter . Aloe vera (gel) cream as topical treatment for out patient burns. Burns.1981;1;7(4):291-294.
42. Cete, S; F. Arslan and A.Yasar . Investigation of antimicrobial effects against some microorganisms of aloe vera and nerium oleander also examination of the effects of xanthine oxidase activity in liver tissue treated with cyclosporine. G.U.Fen Bilimleri Dergisi.2005; 18(3):375-380.
43.Grange JM, Davey RW . Antibacterial properties of Propolis (Bee Glue). Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 1990;83(3), 159–60.
44. Awawdeh L, AL-Beitawi M, Hammad M . Effectiveness of propolis and calcium hydroxide as a short-term intracanal medicament against Enterococcus faecalis: a laboratory study. Australian Endodontic Journal.2009;35(2)
CITATION
DOI: 10.17511/ijmrr.2016.i06.15
Published: 2016-06-30
How to Cite
1.
N. Swapna P, Manjusha Vundavalli R, Kishore Kumar Reddy V, Gali P, Babu P, Geetha V. Dentinal tubule disinfection with 2% Chlorhexidine Gel, Aloe Vera, Propolis, Septilin, and Calcium Hydroxide. Int J Med Res Rev [Internet]. 2016Jun.30 [cited 2024Nov.8];4(6):950-5. Available from: https://ijmrr.medresearch.in/index.php/ijmrr/article/view/586
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