Update on Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus epidemiology, diagnosis and management

  • Dr Sameer Al-Ghamdi Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
Keywords: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, Coronavirus, MERS-CoV, Epidemiology

Abstract

In the mid of 2012, Middle East respiratory syndrome otherwise termed as, coronavirus (MERS-CoV) emerged among the leading serious infection within the peninsula region with chances of transmission to the most parts of the world. The greatest infection was first confirmed in the Northern part of Saudi Arabia where 50 deaths were experienced and 80 ceases of illness were reported. Apart from the reported cases, possible laboratory reports confirmed that such a compulsory sequence of infection is mainly transmitted through Carmel and bats. While there is no specific cure for coronavirus (MERS-CoV), International health governing authorities such as world health organization and the Pan American Health organization (PAHO) have placed recommendations to healthcare institutions of different countries to provide relevant information with regard to preventive measures of the disease.Such has been brought amid skepticism that the disease has no cure. Therefore, regulating prevalence rate of MERS-CoV through means such; as environmental engineering controls, administrative measures and immediate isolation of the infected patients, plays best to curb the rate of infection.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

1. Reusken CB, Farag EA, Jonges M, Godeke GJ, El-Sayed AM, Pas SD, Raj VS, Mohran KA, Moussa HA, Ghobashy H, Alhajri F, Ibrahim AK, Bosch BJ, Pasha SK,Al-Romaihi HE, Al-Thani M, Al-Marri SA, AlHajri MM, Haagmans BL, Koopmans MP. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) RNA and neutralising antibodies in milk collected according to local customs from dromedary camels, Qatar, April 2014. Euro Surveill. 2014 Jun 12;19(23). pii: 20829.

2. Lipkin WI. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Recombination and the Evolution of Science and Public Health in China. MBio. 2015 Sep 8;6(5):e01381-15. doi: 10.1128/mBio.01381-15. [PubMed]

3. Shahkarami M, Yen C, Glaser C, Xia D, Watt J, Wadford DA. Laboratory Testing for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus, California, USA, 2013-2014. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015 Sep;21(9):1664-6. doi: 10.3201/eid2109.150476. [PubMed]

4. Preston R. The hot zone. New York: Random House; 1994.

5. Bennett J, Dolin R, Blaser M, Mandell G, Douglas R. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases. [PubMed]

6. Berger, S., & Gideon Informatics, Inc. Infectious diseases of the United Arab Emirates. Los Angeles, California : GIDEON Informatics, Inc. 2015.

7. Brunette G, Kozarsky P, Cohen N. CDC health information for international travel 2016.

8. Deutsche GesellschaftfürKristallog-raphie. 22. Jahrestagung .bis 20. März 2014, Berlin: Abstracts. 2014.

9. Guery B, Poissy J, el Mansouf L, Séjourné C, Ettahar N, Lemaire X et al. Clinical features and viral diagnosis of two cases of infection with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus: a report of nosocomial transmission. The Lancet. 2013;381(9885):2265-2272.

10. Memish ZA, Zumla AI, Al-Hakeem RF, Al-Rabeeah AA, Stephens GM. Family cluster of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infections. N Engl J Med. 2013 Jun 27;368(26):2487-94. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1303729. Epub 2013 May 29. [PubMed]

11. van Doremalen N, Bushmaker T, Munster VJ. Stability of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) under different environmental conditions. Euro Surveill. 2013 Sep 19;18(38). pii: 20590. [PubMed]

12. Al-Gethamy M, Corman VM2, Hussain R3, Al-Tawfiq JA4, Drosten C2, Memish ZA5. A case of long-term excretion and subclinical infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in a healthcare worker. Clin Infect Dis. 2015 Mar 15;60(6):973-4. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciu1135. Epub 2014 Dec 16.

13. Cotten M, Watson SJ1, Kellam P2, Al-Rabeeah AA3, Makhdoom HQ4, Assiri A3, Al-Tawfiq JA5, Alhakeem RF3, Madani H4, AlRabiah FA6, Al Hajjar S6, Al-nassir WN7, Albarrak A8, Flemban H9, Balkhy HH10, Alsubaie S11, Palser AL1, Gall A1, Bashford-Rogers R1, Rambaut A12, Zumla AI13, Memish ZA14. Transmission and evolution of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in Saudi Arabia: a descriptive genomic study. Lancet. 2013 Dec 14;382(9909):1993-2002. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61887-5. Epub 2013 Sep 20.

14. Mailles A, Blanckaert K, Chaud P, van der Werf S, Lina B, Caro V, Campese C, Guéry B, Prouvost H, Lemaire X, Paty MC, Haeghebaert S, Antoine D, Ettahar N,Noel H, Behillil S, Hendricx S, Manuguerra JC, Enouf V, La Ruche G, Semaille C, Coignard B, Lévy-Bruhl D, Weber F, Saura C, Che D; investigation team. First cases of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections in France, investigations and implications for the prevention of human-to-human transmission, France, May 2013. Euro Surveill. 2013 Jun 13;18(24). pii: 20502.

15. Penttinen PM, Kaasik-Aaslav K, Friaux A, Donachie A, Sudre B, Amato-Gauci AJ, Memish ZA, Coulombier D. Penttinen PM1, Kaasik-Aaslav K, Friaux A, Donachie A, Sudre B, Amato-Gauci AJ, Memish ZA, Coulombier D. Euro Surveill. 2013 Sep 26;18(39). pii: 20596. [PubMed]

16. Ithete NL, Stoffberg S, Corman VM, Cottontail VM, Richards LR, Schoeman MC, Drosten C, Drexler JF, Preiser W. Close relative of human Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in bat, South Africa. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013 Oct;19(10):1697-9. doi: 10.3201/eid1910.130946. [PubMed]

17. Cauchemez S, Van Kerkhove MD, Riley S, Donnelly CA, Fraser C, Ferguson NM. Euro Surveill. 2013 Jun 13;18(24). pii: 20503. [PubMed]

18. Hall RA, Tan SE, Selisko B, Slade R, Hobson-Peters J, Canard B, Hughes M, Leung JY, Balmori-Melian E, Hall-Mendelin S, Pham KB, Clark DC, Prow NA,Khromykh AA. Monoclonal antibodies to the West Nile virus NS5 protein map to linear and conformational epitopes in the methyltransferase and polymerase domains. J Gen Virol. 2009 Dec;90(Pt 12):2912-22. doi: 10.1099/vir.0.013805-0. Epub 2009 Aug 26. [PubMed]

19. Maumus F, Fiston-Lavier A, Quesneville H. Impact of transposable elements on insect genomes and biology. Current Opinion in Insect Science. 2015;7:30-36.

20. Memish ZA, Cotten M, Meyer B, Watson SJ, Alsahafi AJ, Al Rabeeah AA, Corman VM, Sieberg A, Makhdoom HQ, Assiri A, Al Masri M, Aldabbagh S, Bosch BJ,Beer M, Müller MA, Kellam P, Drosten C. Human infection with MERS coronavirus after exposure to infected camels, Saudi Arabia, 2013. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014 Jun;20(6):1012-5. doi: 10.3201/eid2006.140402.

21. Adney DR, van Doremalen N, Brown VR, Bushmaker T, Scott D, de Wit E, Bowen RA, Munster VJ. Replication and shedding of MERS-CoV in upper respiratory tract of inoculated dromedary camels. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014 Dec;20(12):1999-2005. doi: 10.3201/eid2012.141280. [PubMed]

22. Rasmussen A. L., Falzarano D., de Wit E., Feldmann, F., Okumura, A., Scott, D. P., &Katze, M. G. 206: Transcriptional signatures of pathogenesis and successful type I interferon and ribavirin therapy in a rhesus macaque model of MERS-CoV infection. Cytokine, 2014; 63(3), 291-292. [PubMed]

23. Wang L, Cowled C. Bats and viruses: From pathogen discovery to host genomics. Hoboken, New Jersey : Wiley-Blackwell. 2015.

24. Berger S. SARS and MERS: Global status. 2015; Los Angeles, California : Gideon.

25. Gostin L. Global health law. Cambridge, Massachusetts : Harvard University Press. 2014.

26. 27Kaslow R, Stanberry L, LeDuc J. Viral infections of humans.: Epidemiology and control. 2014.

27. Fraire A. Viruses and the lung: Infections and non-infectious viral-linked lung disorders. 2014.

28. Mestecky J. Mucosal immunology. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press; 2005.

29. Guery B, Poissy J, el Mansouf L, Séjourné C, Ettahar N, Lemaire X, Vuotto F, Goffard A, Behillil S, Enouf V, Caro V, Mailles A, Che D, Manuguerra JC, Mathieu D,Fontanet A, van der Werf S; MERS-CoV study group. Clinical features and viral diagnosis of two cases of infection with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus: a report of nosocomial transmission. Lancet. 2013 Jun 29;381(9885):2265-72. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60982-4. Epub 2013 May 30.

30. Meyer B, Müller MA, Corman VM, Reusken CB, Ritz D, Godeke GJ, Lattwein E, Kallies S, Siemens A, van Beek J, Drexler JF, Muth D, Bosch BJ, Wernery U,Koopmans MP, Wernery R, Drosten C. Antibodies against MERS coronavirus in dromedary camels, United Arab Emirates, 2003 and 2013. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014 Apr;20(4):552-9. doi: 10.3201/eid2004.131746.

31. Raj VS, Osterhaus AD1, Fouchier RA1, Haagmans BL2. MERS: emergence of a novel human coronavirus. Curr Opin Virol. 2014 Apr;5:58-62. doi: 10.1016/j.coviro.2014.01.010. Epub 2014 Feb 28. [PubMed]

32. Coleman CM, Matthews KL, Goicochea L, Frieman MB. Wild-type and innate immune-deficient mice are not susceptible to the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. J Gen Virol. 2014 Feb;95(Pt 2):408-12. doi: 10.1099/vir.0.060640-0. Epub 2013 Nov 6. [PubMed]

33. Chan S. The unfolded protein response in virus infections. Front Microbiol. 2014;5. [PubMed]

34. CaronR. Preparing the public health workforce: Educational path-ways for the field and the classroom. 2014.

35. Singer M. The anthropology of infectious disease. Walnut Creek, California : Left Coast Press, Inc. 2015.

36. John G, In Kozarsky P, In Cohen N, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (U.S.)., & Oxford University Press,. (2016). CDC health information for international travel. 2015.

37. Grad Y, Newman R, Zody M, Yang X, Murphy R, Qu J et al. Within-Host Whole-Genome Deep Sequencing and Diversity Analysis of Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection Reveals Dynamics of Genomic Diversity in the Absence and Presence of Immune Pressure. Journal of Virology. 2014;88(13):7286-7293.

38. Gossner C, Danielson N, Gervelmeyer A, Berthe F, Faye B, KaasikAaslav K et al. Human-Dromedary Camel Interactions and the Risk of Acquiring Zoonotic Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection. Zoonoses Public Health. 2014;63(1):1-9.

39. Schneider E, Chommanard C, Rudd J, Whitaker B, Lowe L, Gerber SI. Evaluation of Patients under Investigation for MERS-CoV Infection, United States, January 2013-October 2014. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015 Jul;21(7):1220-3. doi: 10.3201/eid2107.141888. [PubMed]

40. Lennette E, Halonen P, Murphy F, Balows A, &Hausler W. Laboratory Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases Principles and Practice: VOLUME II Viral, Rickettsial, and Chlamydial Diseases. New York, NY: Springer New York. 1988. [PubMed]

41. Pevsner J. Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. 2005.

42. Liess B, Moennig V, Pohlenz J, &Trautwein G. Ruminant Pestivirus Infections: Virology, Pathogenesis, and Perspectives of Prophylaxis. Vienna: Springer Vienna. 2009.

43. Kaslow R, Stanberry L, &LeDuc J. Viral infections of humans: Epidemiology and control. New York : Springer. 2014.

44. Stoller J. Murray &Nadel’s Textbook of Respiratory Medicine, 6th Edition. Annals ATS. 2015;12(8):1257-1258.

45. Wang L, Cowled C. Bats and viruses. Bats and viruses: From pathogen discovery to host genomics. Hoboken, New Jersey : Wiley-Blackwell. 2015.

46. World Health Organization. Infection prevention and control during health care for probable or confirmed cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection Interim guidance Updated. 2015; 4 June 2015.

47. Schneider E, Chommanard C, Rudd J, Whitaker B, Lowe L, Gerber SI. Evaluation of Patients under Investigation for MERS-CoV Infection, United States, January 2013-October 2014. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015 Jul;21(7):1220-3. doi: 10.3201/eid2107.141888. [PubMed]

48. Zumla A, Hui DS2. Infection control and MERS-CoV in health-care workers. Lancet. 2014 May 31;383(9932):1869-71. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60852-7. Epub 2014 May 20. [PubMed]

49. Caron R. Preparing the public health workforce: Educational path-ways for the field and the classroom. 2014.

50. Kasper D, Harrison T. Harrison's principles of internal medicine. New York: McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division; 2005.

51. Weston D. Fundamentals of infection prevention and control. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K.: Wiley-Blackwell; 2013.

52. Stapleton FB. Hematuria associated with hypercalciuria and hyperuricosuria: a practical approach. Pediatr Nephrol. 1994 Dec;8(6):756-61. [PubMed]

53. Madani TA, Althaqafi AO, Alraddadi BM. Infection prevention and control guidelines for patients with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection. Saudi Med J. 2014 Aug;35(8):897-913. [PubMed]

54. Hall AJ, Tokars JI, Badreddine SA, Saad ZB, Furukawa E, Al Masri M, Haynes LM, Gerber SI, Kuhar DT, Miao C, Trivedi SU, Pallansch MA, Hajjeh R, Memish ZA. Health care worker contact with MERS patient, Saudi Arabia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014 Dec;20(12):2148-51. doi: 10.3201/eid2012.141211. [PubMed]

55. Wittekamp BH, Wise MP2, Brun-Buisson C3, Bonten MJ4. Regulatory obstacles affecting ecological studies in the ICU. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014 Oct;14(10):913-5. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70894-1. [PubMed]

56. Tulchinsky, T. H., &Varavikova. The new public health. 2014.

57. Broaddus, V. C., Mason, R. C., Ernst, J. D., King, T. E. J., Lazarus, S. C., Murray, J. F., Nadel, J. A., ... Gotway, M. Murray &Nadel's Text-book of Respiratory Medicine. Lon-don: Elsevier Health Sciences. 2015.

58. Glanz K, Rimer B, Lewis F. Health behavior and health education. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; 2002.

59. Pavli A, Tsiodras S, Maltezou H. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV): Prevention in travelers. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2014;12(6):602-608. [PubMed]

60. Pavli A1, Tsiodras S, Maltezou HC3. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV): prevention in travelers. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2014 Nov-Dec;12(6 Pt A):602-8. doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2014.10.006. Epub 2014 Oct 19. [PubMed]

61. Gautret P, Charrel R, Benkouiten S, Belhouchat K, Nougairede A, Drali T, Salez N, Memish ZA, Al Masri M, Lagier JC, Million M, Raoult D, Brouqui P, Parola P. Lack of MERS coronavirus but prevalence of influenza virus in French pilgrims after 2013 Hajj. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014 Apr;20(4):728-30. doi: 10.3201/eid2004.131708. [PubMed]

62. Gibson GJ, Loddenkemper R, Lundbäck B, Sibille Y. Respiratory health and disease in Europe: the new European Lung White Book. Eur Respir J. 2013 Sep;42(3):559-63. doi: 10.1183/09031936.00105513. [PubMed]

63. Marriane , T. H., & Wiley, E. The new public health. Amsterdam: Academic Press. 2014.

64. Mailles A, Blanckaert K, Chaud P, van der Werf S, Lina B, Caro V, Campese C, Guéry B, Prouvost H, Lemaire X, Paty MC, Haeghebaert S, Antoine D, Ettahar N,Noel H, Behillil S, Hendricx S, Manuguerra JC, Enouf V, La Ruche G, Semaille C, Coignard B, Lévy-Bruhl D, Weber F, Saura C, Che D; investigation team. First cases of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections in France, investigations and implications for the prevention of human-to-human transmission, France, May 2013. Euro Surveill. 2013 Jun 13;18(24). pii: 20502.

65. Chiu S, Hung Chan K, Wing Chu K, Kwan S, Guan Y, Man Poon L et al. Human Coronavirus NL63 Infection and Other Coronavirus Infections in Children Hospitalized with Acute Respiratory Disease in Hong Kong, China. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2005;40(12):1721-1729.

66. Mandell L, Bartlett J, Dowell S, File T, Musher D, Whitney C. Update of Practice Guidelines for the Management of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Immunocompetent Adults. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2003;37(11):1405-1433.

67. Vabret A, Mourez T, Gouarin S, Petitjean J, Freymuth F. An outbreak of coronavirus OC43 respiratory infection in Normandy, France. Clin Infect Dis. 2003 Apr 15;36(8):985-9. Epub 2003 Apr 4.

68. Wong SS The management of coronavirus infections with particular reference to SARS. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008 Sep;62(3):437-41. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkn243. Epub 2008 Jun 18. [PubMed]

69. Engelkirk P, Duben-Engelkirk J, Burton G. Burton's microbiology for the health sciences. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011.

70. San Die-go: Academic Press. Viral ecology. 2000.

71. Spinage C. African ecology. Berlin: Springer; 2012.

72. Yu IT, Li Y, Wong TW, Tam W, Chan AT, Lee JH, Leung DY, Ho T. Evidence of airborne transmission of the severe acute respiratory syndrome virus. N Engl J Med. 2004 Apr 22;350(17):1731-9.

73. Dye C, Gay N. Epidemiology. Modeling the SARS epidemic. Science. 2003 Jun 20;300(5627):1884-5. Epub 2003 May 23.
Update on Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus epidemiology, diagnosis and management
CITATION
DOI: 10.17511/ijmrr.2016.i01.016
Published: 2016-01-31
How to Cite
1.
Al-Ghamdi S. Update on Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus epidemiology, diagnosis and management. Int J Med Res Rev [Internet]. 2016Jan.31 [cited 2024Apr.24];4(1):104-12. Available from: https://ijmrr.medresearch.in/index.php/ijmrr/article/view/447
Section
Review Article