Study Of Sex Differences In Systolic Blood Pressure And Exercise In Non- Athletic Adults
Keywords:
Systolic Blood Pressure, Body Mass Index, Hypertension
Abstract
Background & Objectives: The aim of the present study was to study the sex differences in Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) responses to Exercise in healthy, non- athletic adult’s. SBP during exercise have been found to predict hypertension, coronary heart disease and cardiovascular disease (CVD).
Materials & Methods: One hundred normal, healthy, non-smoking subjects (50 Male & 50 Female) of Dr. PSIMS & RF are selected based on healthy life style, Body mass index, resting blood pressure & resting heart rate.
Results: Age, BMI and pre-exercise heart rate showed no significant differences between genders. During the exercise test, males showed extremely significant % rise in SBP & HR than females. % HR decline in 1st min and 3rd min has got extremely statistical significance between males and females. Systolic blood pressure recovery ratio shows extremely significant increase from 1st min to 3rd min in males. The % HR decline in the 3rd min showed extremely significant increase in males when compared to females. SBP responses during and after maximal exercise were estimated using percentage SBP rise (%SBP rise) and SBP ratio in 3 minutes of recovery relative to 1 minute (SBPR2). Males showed a significantly higher %SBP rise (34.75± 6.32; p<0.001) and lower SBPR2 (0.90± 0.04; p<0.001) in comparison to females.
Conclusion: Exercise SBP testing provide an important clue to identify the subjects at risk for developing hypertension
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References
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26. Drayer IM , Weber MA , DeYoung JL; BP as a determinant of cardiac left ventricular muscle mass. Arch Int Med; 1983: 143:90-92. [PubMed]
27. Bezucha GR, Lenser MC, Hanson PG , Nagle FJ; Comparison of hemodynamic responses to static and dynamic exercise. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol.1982, 53(6): 1589-1593. [PubMed]
28. Shiomi T, Maruyama H, Saito A , Umemura M; Physiological responses and mechanical efficiency during different types of ergometric exercise. J Phys Ther Sci; 2000; 12; 67-73.
29. Karen AM and Catherine M S; Influences of sex and age on cardiovascular responses during stress. Psychosomatic Medicine; 1988; 50; 46-56. [PubMed]
30. Mundal R, Kjeldsan SE , Sandvik L, Briknen G, Thaulow B ;Exercise BP predicts CV mortality in middle aged man. Hypertension; 1994; 24; 56-62. [PubMed]
31. Madden K, Savard GK; Effects of mental state on heart rate and blood pressure variability in men and women. ClinPhysiol 1995; 15 :557–569. [PubMed]
32. Ramaekers D, Ector H, Aubert AE, Rubens A , Van de Werf F ; Heart rate variability and heart rate in healthy volunteers. Is the female autonomic nervous system cardioprotective. Eur Heart J 1998; 19 :1334–1341.
33. Yamasaki Y, Kodama M, Matsuhisa M ; Diurnal heart rate variability in healthy subjects: effects of aging and sex difference. Am J Physiol 1996; 271: H303–H310.
2. Chaney RH, Eyman RK; BP at rest and during maximal dynamic & isometric exercise as predictors of systemic Hypertension. Am J Cardiol; 1983: 62: 1058-61. [PubMed]
3. Singh JP, Larson MG, Manolio TA, O’Donnell CJ, Lauer M, Evans JC, Levy D; BP Response during treadmill testing as a risk factor for new onset Hypertension. Circulation; 1999, 99: 1831-6. [PubMed]
4. Lauer MS, Pashkow FJ, Harvey SA, Marwick TH, Thomas JD; Impaired chronotropic response to exercise stress testing as a predictor of mortality. JAMA 1999, 281; 524-9. [PubMed]
5. Lane D, Beavers DG, Lip GYH; Ethnic differences in BP & the prevalence of Hypertension in England. J Hum. Hypertens; 2002; 16; 267-73. [PubMed]
6. Fagerd RH; Effects of exercise, diet, and their combination on BP. J Hum Hypertens ; 2005 Dec ; 19 ; Suppl. 3 S20-4. [PubMed]
7. Dlin RA, Hanre N, Silver barg DS, Bar O ; Follow up of normotensive men with exaggerated BP response to exercise. Am Heart Journal; 1983; 106:316-20. [PubMed]
8. Bernardi, L., D. Hayoz, R. Wenzel, C. Passino, A. Calciati, R.Weber, and G. Noll ; Synchronous and baroreceptor-sensitive oscillations in skin microcirculation: evidence for central autonomic control. Am. J. Physiol.1997; 273 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 42):H1867–H1878. [PubMed]
9. Lossius K, Eriksen M and Walloe L; Fluctuations in blood flow to acral skin in humans: connection with heart rate and blood pressure variability. J. Physiol. (Lond.)1993; 460: 641–655. [PubMed]
10. Guyton AC and Hall JE ; Nervous regulation of the circulation and rapid control of arterial pressure. In: Textbook of Medical Physiology (9th ed.), Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, 1994, 209–220.
11. Criqui MH, Haskell WL, Heiss G, Tryoler HA, Green P, Rubenstein CJ; Predictors of systolic blood pressure response to treadmill exercise: the Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study. Circulation 1983; 68: 225–33.
12. Chaney RH; Eyman RK; BP at rest and during maximal dynamic & isometric exercise as predictors of systemic Hypertension. Am J Cardiol; 1983: 62: 1058-61. [PubMed]
13. Jackson AS, Squires WG, Grimes G, Bread EF; Prediction of future resting hypertension from exercise blood pressure. J Cardiopul Rehab 1983;3:263– 8.
14. Dimpka U , Ugwu A , Oshi D; Assessment of sex differences in systolic blood pressure responses to exercise in healthy, non-athletic young adults. Journal of Exercise Physiology online April 2008; Vol 11 (2), 18-25.
15 Laukkanen JA , Sudhir K, Salonen R, Timo AL, Rauramaa R , Salonen JT ; Systolic blood pressure during recovery from exercise and the risk of acute myocardial infarction in middle aged men. Hypertension. 2004; 44 :820-825.
16. FitPro TC; Blood pressure and exercise. American Fitness Professionals and Associates: 1998; retrieved on Nov 28, 2006 from http;www.afpafitness.com/articl/article-and-newsletter/.
17. Huikuri H V, Pikkujamsa SM , Airaksinen KEJ , Ikaheimo MJ , Rantala AO , Kauma H , Lilja M , and Kesaniemi A ; Sex-related differences in autonomic modulation of heart rate in middle-aged subjects. Circulation1996; 94: 122–125.
18. Fletcher GF , Balady GJ, Amsterdam EA , Chaitman B , Eckel R , Fleg J , Froelicher VF , Leon AS , Piña IL , Rodney R , Simons-Morton DA , Williams MA and Bazzarre T ; Exercise standards for testing and Training. A statement for health care Professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation; 1992; 86; 340-4. [PubMed]
19. Laitinen T , Hartikainen J , Vanninen E , Niskanen L , Geelen G and Lansimies ; Age and gender dependency of baroreflex sensitivity in healthy subjects. J. Appl. Physiol.1998; 84(2): 576–583. [PubMed]
20. Salonen K , Laukkanen JA , Niskanen L, Rauramaa R , Tuomainen TP , Sivenius J and Salonen JT; Cardiac power during exercise and the risk of stroke in Men. Stroke 2005; 36; 820-824.
21. Singh JP, Larson MG, Manolio TA, O‘Donnell CJ, Lauer M, Evans JC, Levy D; Blood pressure response during treadmill testing as a risk factor for new-onset hypertension- The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation.1999; 99: 1831–1836.
22. Amon KW, Richards KL and Crawford MH; Usefulness of the post exercise response of systolic blood pressure in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. Circulation; 1984; 70; 951-956. [PubMed]
23. Scott AM , Thomas HM, Fredric JP, Michael SL ; Delayed systolic blood pressure recovery after graded exercise; An independent correlate of angiographic coronary disease. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1999; 34; 754-759.
24. Gleim GW, Stachenfeld NS, Coplan NL, Nicholas JA; Gender differences in the systolic blood pressure response to exercise. Am Heart J 1991; 121 :524–530. [PubMed]
25. Stewart KJ , Anita CB, Katherine LT, Jamie R, De Regis; BP measures during exercise can indicate unhealthy hearts. Science Daily Sept18, 2001; http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/cardiology/rehab/hh-timonium.
26. Drayer IM , Weber MA , DeYoung JL; BP as a determinant of cardiac left ventricular muscle mass. Arch Int Med; 1983: 143:90-92. [PubMed]
27. Bezucha GR, Lenser MC, Hanson PG , Nagle FJ; Comparison of hemodynamic responses to static and dynamic exercise. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol.1982, 53(6): 1589-1593. [PubMed]
28. Shiomi T, Maruyama H, Saito A , Umemura M; Physiological responses and mechanical efficiency during different types of ergometric exercise. J Phys Ther Sci; 2000; 12; 67-73.
29. Karen AM and Catherine M S; Influences of sex and age on cardiovascular responses during stress. Psychosomatic Medicine; 1988; 50; 46-56. [PubMed]
30. Mundal R, Kjeldsan SE , Sandvik L, Briknen G, Thaulow B ;Exercise BP predicts CV mortality in middle aged man. Hypertension; 1994; 24; 56-62. [PubMed]
31. Madden K, Savard GK; Effects of mental state on heart rate and blood pressure variability in men and women. ClinPhysiol 1995; 15 :557–569. [PubMed]
32. Ramaekers D, Ector H, Aubert AE, Rubens A , Van de Werf F ; Heart rate variability and heart rate in healthy volunteers. Is the female autonomic nervous system cardioprotective. Eur Heart J 1998; 19 :1334–1341.
33. Yamasaki Y, Kodama M, Matsuhisa M ; Diurnal heart rate variability in healthy subjects: effects of aging and sex difference. Am J Physiol 1996; 271: H303–H310.
CITATION
DOI: 10.17511/ijmrr.2013.i05.04
Published: 2013-12-31
How to Cite
1.
Sajja S, Kammili D. Study Of Sex Differences In Systolic Blood Pressure And Exercise In Non- Athletic Adults. Int J Med Res Rev [Internet]. 2013Dec.31 [cited 2024Nov.23];1(5):233-9. Available from: https://ijmrr.medresearch.in/index.php/ijmrr/article/view/41
Section
Original Article
OAI - Open Archives Initiative
