Study of Magnesium Level as an Indicator of Diabetic Complications
Abstract
Background: Type 2 diabetes has become a leading cause of morbidity and mortality world over. Magnesium depletion has a negative impact on glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Magnesium deficiency can lead to development of complications such as retinopathy, nphropathy, thrombosis and hypertension.
Material and Methods: The case control type of study was carried out on 50 age and sex matched healthy controls and 50 type 2 diabetic patients who attended the outpatient and inpatient department of medicine in tertiary care medical institute. All patients and controls underwent thorough clinical examination and estimation of serum magnesium, FBS, PPBS, lipid profile and urea, creatinine levels.
Results: 46% of diabetic patients had low serum magnesium levels (Mg2+ level<1.5mg/dL) and 6% of controls had low serum magnesium levels (Mg2+ level<1.5mg/dL). The mean serum magnesium levels were 1.79±0.34mg/dL and 2.12±0.29mg/dL, in diabetics and controls respectively (p value < 0.0001 highly significant). In this study hypomagnesaemia (Mg2+ level < 1.5mg/dl) was correlating with neuropathy and retinopathy, and the results were highly significant.
Conclusion: This study demonstrated that Low Magnesium status is common in Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients when compared to non diabetic controls. It may be prudent in clinical practice to periodically monitor plasma magnesium concentration in diabetic patients. If plasma magnesium is low, an intervention to increase dietary intake of magnesium maybe beneficial.
Downloads
References
2. Mather HM, Nisbet JA, Burton GH, Poston GJ, BlandJM, Bailey PA, et al. Hypomagnesaemia in diabetes. Clin Chem Acta 1979;95(2):235-42. [PubMed]
3. Fort P, Lifshitz F. Magnesium status in children withinsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Am Coll Nutr 1986;5(1):69-78. [PubMed]
4. Ewald U, Gebre-Medhin M, Turemo T. Hypomagnesemiain diabetic children. Acta Paediatr Scand 1983;72(3): 367-71. [PubMed]
5. Bursch GE, Gibbs TD. Importance of magnesium deficiency in cardiovascular disease. Am Heart J. 1977 Nov;94(5):649-57. [PubMed]
6. Resnick LM, Altura BT, Gupta RK, Larsh JH , Alderman MH, Altura BM. Intracellular and extracellular magnesium depletion in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 1993 Aug;36(8):767-70. [PubMed]
7. Peterson CM, Jones RL. Minor hemoglobin, diabetic“control” and diseases of postsynthetic modification. Ann Intern Med 1977;87(4):489-91. [PubMed]
8. Ishrat K, Jaweed S, Bardapurkar J, Patil V. Study of Mg, glycosylated Hb and lipid profile in diabetic retinopathy. Indian J Clin Bio 2004;19(2)124-7. [PubMed]
9. Tosiello L. Hypomagnesaemia and diabetes mellitus. A review of clinical implications. Arch Intern Med 1996; 156(1):1143 – 1148. [PubMed]
10. Kao W H. Serum and dietary magnesium and the risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus. The Atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Arch Intern Med 1999; 159(8):2151 – 2159. [PubMed]
11. Chambers EC, Heshkas, Gallagherd.Serum magnesium and type 2 diabetes in African Americans and Hispanics a Newyork Cohort. J Am Coll Nutr. 2006; 25:509 – 513. [PubMed]
12. Ishrat Kareem, Jaweed SA. Bardapurkar JS et al. Study of magnesium, glycosylated hemoglobin and lipid profile in diabetic retinopathy. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry, 2004; 19(2);124-127.
13. Sharma A1, Dabla S, Agrawal RP, Barjatya H, Kochar DK, Kothari RP. Serum magnesium; An early predictor of course and complications of diabetes mellitus. J Indian Med Assoc. 2007 Jan;105(1):16, 18, 20. [PubMed]
14. Hans CP, Sialy R,BansalDD; Magnesiumdeficiency and diabetes mellitus. Current Science, 2002; 83(12): 1456-1463. [PubMed]
15. Nadler JC, Rude RK. Disorders of magnesium metabolism. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1995 Sep;24(3):623-41. [PubMed]
16. Cole DEC, Quamme GA; Inherited Disorders of Renal Magnesium Handling. Journal of American Society of Nephrology, 2000;11(10): 1937-1947. [PubMed]
17. Alzaid AA, Dinneen SF, Moyer TP, Rizza RA. Effects of insulin on plasma magnesium in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus:evidence for insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995 Apr;80(4):1376-81. [PubMed]
18. Dr Mirza Sharif Ahmed Baig, Dr Mohd Shamshuddin et al serum magnesium as a marker of diabetic complications Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences/ Volume 1/ Issue 3/ July-Sept 2012;119-123.
19. Asha S Khubchandani, Hiren Sanghani. Study of Serum Magnesium and HbA1C in Diabetic Patients along with Changes in their Lipid Profiles. Indian Journal of Clinical Practice, 2013;23(11):717-719.
20. Dr.S.S.Antin, Dr. Mohan Kashinkunti. A Cross Sectional Study of Fasting Serum Magnesium Levels in the Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Its Relation to Diabetic Complications. Scholars Journal of Applied Medical Sciences (SJAMS) ISSN 2320-6691 (Online)Sch. J. App. Med. Sci., 2014; 2(2A):502-506.
21.A.G. Kulkarni1, Sachin K. ShendgeStudy of Serum Magnesium Levels in Types 2 Diabetes MellitusIOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS) e-ISSN: 2279-0853, p-ISSN: 2279-0861.Volume 13, Issue 4 Ver. VII. (Apr. 2014), PP 115-119.
22. Dr. Kiran P. Chauhan Dr. N. HaridasA Study of Serum Magnesium Levels in Diabetic Retinopathy Patients. Indian Journal of Applied Research. 2013;3(5):482-484.
23. Dong JY1, Xun P, He K, Qin LQ Magnesium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Diabetes Care. 2011 Sep;34(9):2116-22. doi: 10.2337/dc11-0518. [PubMed]
24. Dipankar Kundu, Manish Osta Serum magnesium levels in patients with diabetic retinopathy J Nat Sci Biol Med. 2013 Jan-Jun; 4(1): 113–116. doi: 10.4103/0976-9668.107270. [PubMed]
25. Sharma A, Dabla S, Agrawal RP, Barjatya H, Kochar DK, Kothari, RP (2007). Serum magnesium: an early predictor of course and complications of diabetes mellitus. Journal of Indian Med Assoc.105 (1); 16 -20. [PubMed]
26. de Valk HW, Hardus PL, van Rijn HJ, Erkelens DW. Plasma Magnesium concentration and progression of retinopathy. Diabetes Care. 1999 May;22(5):864-5.
OAI - Open Archives Initiative
