Reducing the risk of Dengue with Proper Diagnosis, Treatment and Education of People
Keywords:
Aedes Aegypti, Dengue, Platelet Count, Septic Shock Syndrome
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is known to play a significant role in the transmission of various dreadful diseases such as dengue fever, chikungunya and yellow fever. Dengue fever (DF) is primarily caused by dengue fever virus (DENV). As per state health department report released in May, 2014 Maharashtra has reported 722 cases of dengue this year accounting for 25% of the dengue cases around the country. DENV serotypes are majorly transmitted by infected female mosquito that takes a blood meal from an infected person with DF. During the initial 2–10 day febrile period, DENV spreads within the body of the mosquito infecting the gut lining and later to salivary gland. Mosquito lay their eggs in artificial and natural stagnant water containers. When an infected female mosquito bites a person the virus enters the skin with the mosquito's saliva and infects leucocytes and reproduces inside these cells. The leucocytes respond by producing cytokines and interferons, causing high fever and severe pains. In severe infection, the virus invades organs like liver and bone marrow thereby lowering the blood pressure and internal bleeding leading to a risk of dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. Dengue NS-1 Antigen test is confirmatory for early and immediate diagnosis of dengue. The state of infection can be monitored by examination of platelet counts. As there is no antiviral drug discovered against dengue, so causing serious damage to people of all age groups. People should be educated and awareness should be carried out to overcome such a disease.
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References
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2. Anna Drexler, Andrew Nuss, Eric Hauck, Elizabeth Glennon, Kong Cheung, Mark Brown, Shirley Luckhart. Human IGF1 extends lifespan and enhances resistance to Plasmodium falciparum infection in the malaria vector Anopheles stephensi. J Exp Biol. Jan 15,2013;216(2): 208–217. doi: 10.1242/jeb.078873.
3. Charles Patrick Davis, Dengue Fever, Medically Reviewed by a Doctor on 7/25/2014. eMedicinehealth. www.emedicinehealth.com/infections/center.htm.
4. Rosmari Rodriguez-Roche and Ernest A. Gould. Understanding the Dengue Viruses and Progress towards Their Control.BioMed Research International, Volume 2013 (2013); 1-20 Article ID 690835, http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/690835.
5. Harris E, Videa, E, Pérez L, Sandoval E, Téllez Y, Pérez ML, Cuadra R, Rocha J, Idiaquez W, Alonso RE, Delgado MA, Campo LA,Acevedo F, Gonzalez A, Amador JJ, Balmaseda A. . Clinical, epidemiologic, and virologic features of dengue in the 1998 epidemic in Nicaragua. Am. J. Trop. Med, Hyg, Jul-Aug 2000 63(1,2):5-11. [PubMed]
6. Byron E. E. Martina, Penelope Koraka and Albert D.M.E.Osterhas. Dengue Virus Pathogenesis: an Integrated View. Clincal Microbiology Review Oct 2009; 22(4): 564–581.
7. Linda S. Lloyd. Best Practices for Dengue Prevention and Control in the America. Environmental Health ProjectFebruary 2003. www.ehproject.org/PDF/Strategic_papers/SR.
8. Global strategic framework for integrated vector management WHO, Geneva, Switzerland, world health organization 2004. World Health Organization 2004. whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2004/WHO_CDS_CPE_PVC_2004_10.pdf
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10. TDR/WHO. Dengue hemorrhagic fever: early recognition, diagnosis and hospital management. An audiovisual guide for health-care workers responding to outbreaks WHO, Geneva, Switzerland, 5 oct 2006. www.who.int/tdr/publications/documents/swg_dengue_2.pdf
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15. Nguyen Thanh Hung, Nguyentrong Lan, Huan-Yaolei et al., Volume replacement in infants with Dengue haemorrhagic fever/Dengue shock syndrome 2006, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 2006 74(4):684–691. www.cdc.gov.tw/english/info.aspx?treeid=3847719104be0678hungdhf@hcm.fpt.vn.
16. P. Philip Samuel & B.K. Tyagi. Diagnostic methods for detection & isolation of dengue viruses from vector mosquitoes. Indian J Med Res, May 2006;123(5):615-628. icmr.nic.in/ijmr/2006/may/0508.pdf. Cited by 49 - Related articles.
17. Li-Jung Chien, Tsai-Ling Liao, Pei-Yun Shu, Jyh-Hsiung Huang et al., Development of Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase PCR Assays To Detect and Serotype Dengue Viruses. Journal of clinical microbiology, April 2006; 44(4):1295–1304. doi: 10.1128/JCM.44.4.1295-1304.2006
18. Guzman, M. G. & Kouri, G. Dengue diagnosis, advances and challenges. International Journal of infectious diseases. March 2004, 8(2):65-136. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2003.03.003.
19. Gubler, DJ. Serologic diagnosis of dengue/dengue haemorrhagic fever. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 1996, (20) 20–23. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2460 .www.nature.com › Journal home › Archive › Review.
20. Rosen L, Drouet MT, Deubel V. Detection of dengue virus RNA by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in the liver and lymphoid organs but not in the brain in fatal human infection. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg Nov 1999,61(5):720–724. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10586901 by L Rosen - 1999.
21. Balmaseda A, Maria G, Guzman SH et al. Diagnosis of dengue virus infection by detection of specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgA antibodies in serum and saliva. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol 2003;(10):317–322. [PubMed]
22. Pei Yun Shu, Li-Kuang Chen, Shu-Fen Chang, Yi-Yun Yueh, Ling Chow, Li-Jung Chien, Chuan Chin, Ting-Hsiang Lin, Jyh-Hsiung Huang. Comparison of capture immunoglobulin M ( IgM ) and IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and nonstructural protein NS1 serotype-specific IgG ELISA for differentiation of primary and secondary dengue virus infections. Clin Vaccine Immunol July 2003,10(4):622-630. doi: 10.1128/CDLI.10.4.622-630. 2003.
23. Pei Yun Shu, Li-Kuang Chen, Shu-Fen Chang, Yi-Yun Yueh, Ling Chow, Li-Jung Chien, Chuan Chin, Ting-Hsiang Lin, and Jyh-Hsiung Huang. Potential application of nonstructural protein NS1 serotype-specific immunoglobulin G. enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the seroepidemiologic study of dengue virus infection: correlation of results with those of the plaque reduction neutralization test. Clinical Microbiology May2002;40(5):1840–1844. doi: 10.1128/JCM.40.5.1840-1844.2002.
24. Hua Xu, Biao Di, Yu-xian Pan, Li-wen Qiu, Ya-di Wang,Wei Hao, Li-juan He, Kwok-yung Yuen and Xiao-yan Che. Serotype 1-specific monoclonal antibody-based antigen capture immunoassay for detection of circulating nonstructural protein NS1: implications for early diagnosis and serotyping of dengue virus infections. J Clin Microbiol. Aug 2006; 44(8):2872–2878. doi: 10.1128/JCM.00777-06. [PubMed]
25. Young, P. R., Hilditch, P. A., Bletchly, C. & Halloran, W. An antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay reveals high levels of the dengue virus protein NS1 in the sera of infected patients, J. Clin. Microbiol. March 2000,38(3):1053-1057.
26. Guzman MG, Kourig. Advances in dengue diagnosis, Clinical & Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology Nov 1996, 3(6):621–627.
27. Senaka Rajapakse. Dengue shock. J Emerg Trauma Shock, Jan-Mar 2011; 4(1):120–127. doi: 10.4103/0974-2700.76835.
28. Halstead SB, Dengue. Lancet., Nov 10, 2007;370(9599):1644-52. [PubMed]
29. Halstead SB. Is there an inapparent dengue explosion? Lancet 1999 Mar 27;353(9158):1100-1101. [PubMed]
30. Centers for Disease control and prevention. National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases;2014. (Division of Vector-Borne Diseases (DVBD). www.cdc.gov/ncezid/dvbd/.
31. Robert Preidt. Avoid Mosquito Bites to Prevent Dengue Fever in Florida: Expert July 21, 2010. Loyola University news release, www.medicinenet.com infectious disease and news.health.com/2010.23 july 2010.
32. Guirakhoo F, Kitchener S, Morrison D, Forrat R, McCarthy K, Nichols R, Yoksan S, Duan X, Ermak TH, Kanesa-Thasan N, Bedford P, Lang J, Quentin-Millet MJ, Monath TP. Live attenuated chimeric yellow fever dengue type 2 ChimeriVax-DEN2 vaccine: Phase I clinical trial for safety and immunogenicity: effect of yellow fever pre-immunity in induction of cross neutralizing antibody responses to all 4 dengue serotypes. Hum Vaccin. Mar-Apr 2006; 2(2):60-67. Epub 2006 Mar 15.
33. Anna P. Durbin, Stephen S. Whitehead, Julie McArthur, John R. Perreault,Joseph E. Blaney Jr., Bhavin Thumar, Brian R. Murphy and Ruth A. Karron. rDEN4Δ30, a Live Attenuated Dengue Virus Type 4 Vaccine Candidate, Is Safe, Immunogenic, and Highly Infectious in Healthy Adult Volunteers. The Journal of Infectious Diseases.2005;191(5):710–718.
34. Edelman R, Wasserman SS, Bodison SA, Putnak RJ, Eckels KH, Tang D, Kanesa-Thasan N, Vaughn DW, Innis BL, Sun W. Phase I trial of 16 formulations of a tetravalent live-attenuated dengue vaccine. Am J Trop Med Hyg. Mar 2004;70(3):48–60.
35. Peter F. Wright, Anna P. Durbin, Stephen S. Whitehead, Mine R. Ikizler, Susan Henderson, Joseph E. Blaney, Bhavin Thumar, Sharon Ankrah, Michael T. Rock, Brett A. McKinney, Brian R. Murphy, Alexander C. Schmidt. Phase 1 trial of the dengue virus type 4 vaccine candidate rDEN4Δ30-4995 in healthy adult volunteers. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg: 2009; (81), 834–841. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2009.09-0131.
CITATION
DOI: 10.17511/ijmrr.2015.i1.17
Published: 2015-02-28
How to Cite
1.
Sakure S, Bhosale S, Shewale S. Reducing the risk of Dengue with Proper Diagnosis, Treatment and Education of People. Int J Med Res Rev [Internet]. 2015Feb.28 [cited 2024Nov.8];3(1):106-11. Available from: https://ijmrr.medresearch.in/index.php/ijmrr/article/view/199
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Review Article
OAI - Open Archives Initiative
