Role of Low Environmental Temperature in Peptic Ulcer Development
Abstract
Peptic ulcers are described as acid-induced lesions found in the stomach and duodenum caused by the imbalance between the defending factors of the mucosa and the attacking factors such as hydrochloric acid in gastric juice, with Helicobacter Pylori (H. Pylori) and Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs NSAIDs. They exhibit seasonal patterns in their occurrence, with higher occurrence in winter and spring and a low occurrence in summer. Temperature plays a major role in their occurrence, some of which have resulted in increased morbidity in some number of diseases, such as gastrointestinal bleeding, caused by an increase in air pressure, dry air (relative humidity) occurring from cold air, and also its actions on the protective effect helicobacter pylori in the human body. Their actions excite the adrenal gland marrow and the sympathetic nerve, causing rapid secretion of adrenaline and non-adrenaline, angiotensin II and endothelin, resulting in damage to the mucosa epithelial, caused by the contraction effect of the adrenal agents on the duodenal mucosa and blood vessel. It causes low expression of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF), Heat Shock Protein (HSP) 70, Occludin, Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS), in the gastric mucosa, in extremely cold temperature than those in extremely hot temperature, increasing the gastric acid secretion in extremely cold temperature than in extremely hot temperature. Therefore, this review aims to give general insight into the role of low temperature in peptic ulcer development and further consideration in the treatment of peptic ulcer diseases.
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