Melioidosis: Indian perspective
Keywords:
Melioidosis, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Immunocompromised host
Abstract
There has been an upsurge of melioidosis cases in India in recent past. Lack of awareness of this disease among the Indian clinicians and microbiologists is responsible for the wrong diagnosis as tuberculosis, scrub typhus, leptospirosis and brucellosis. Being one of the most potent emerging infections in India the clinicians and microbiologists should be suspicious of this organism in any suppurative lesions at multiple sites. Though B.pseudomallei has been most commonly reported in diabetic and immune compromised hosts, immunocompetency does not rule out its presence. All suspicious samples should be incubated for 5-7 days to isolate the organism. They should be treated for 10-14 days as Intensive therapy in the hospital with sensitive intravenous antibiotic followed by 3-6 months of oral therapy with Cotrimoxazole for complete eradication.
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References
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32. Jesudason MV, Balaji V, Sirisinha S, Sridharan G. Rapid identification of Burkholderia pseudomallei in blood culture supernatants by a coagglutination assay. Clin Microbiol Infect 2005;11:930-3.
33. Wuthiekanun V, Desakorn V, Wongsuvan G, Amornchai P, Cheng AC, Maharjan B, et al. Rapid immunofluorescence microscopy for diagnosis of melioidosis. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2005;12:555-6.
34. Wuthiekanun V, Amornchai P, Chierakul W, Cheng AC, White NJ, Peacock SJ, et al. Evaluation of Immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG Rapid Cassette Test Kits for Diagnosis of Melioidosis in an Area of Endemicity. J Clin Microbiol 2004;42:3435-7. [PubMed]
35. Limmathurotsakul D, Chantratita N, Teerawattanasook N, Piriyagitpaiboon K, Thanwisai A, Wuthiekanun V, et al. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the diagnosis of melioidosis: Better than we thought. Clin Infect Dis 2011;52:1024-8.
36. Chenthamarakshan V, Kumutha MV, Vadivelu J, Puthucheary SD. Distribution of immunoglobulin classes and IgG subclasses against a culture filtrate antigen of Burkholderia pseudomallei in melioidosis patients. J Med Microbiol 2001;50:55-61.
37. Chantratita N, Wuthiekanun V, Limmathurotsakul D, Thanwisai A, Chantratita W, Day NP, et al. Prospective clinical evaluation of the accuracy of 16S rRNA real-time PCR assay for the diagnosis of melioidosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2007;77:814-7.
2. Whitmore A, Krishnaswami CS. An account of the discovery of a hitherto underscribed infective disease occurring among the population of Rangoon. Indian Med Gazette 1912;47: 262-7.
3. Stanton AT, Fletcher W. Melioidosis, a new disease of the tropics. Trans Fourth Congr Far East Assoc Trop Med 1921;2:196-8.
4. Yabuuchi, E., Kosako, Y., Oyaizu, H., Yano, I., Hotta, H., Hashimoto, Y., Ezaki, T. and Arakawa, M. (1992), Proposal of Burkholderia gen. nov. and Transfer of Seven Species of the GenusPseudomonas Homology Group II to the New Genus, with the Type Species Burkholderia cepacia(Palleroni and Holmes 1981) comb. nov. Microbiology and Immunology, 36: 1251–75.
5. Raghavan KR, Shenoi RP, Zaer F, Aiyer R, Ramamoorthy P, Mehta MN. Melioidosis in India. Indian Pediatr 1991;28: 184-8. [PubMed]
6. White NJ. Melioidosis. Lancet 2003;361:1715-22. [PubMed]
7. John TJ, Jesudason MV, Lalitha MK, Ganesh A, Mohandas V, Cherian T, Mathai D, Chandy MJ: Melioidosis In India: the tip of the iceberg? Indian J Med Res 1996, 103:62-5. [PubMed]
8. Cheng AC, Currie BJ. Melioidosis: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Management. Clin Microbiol Rev 2005;18:383-416. [PubMed]
9. Woods DE, DeShazer D, Moore RA, Brett PJ, Burtnick MN, Reckseidler SL, et al. Current studies on the pathogenesis of melioidosis. Microbes Infect 1999;1:157-62. [PubMed]
10. Sexton MM, Jones AL, Chaowagul W, Woods DE. Purification and characterization of a protease from Pseudomonas pseudomallei. Can J Microbiol 1994;40:903-10. [PubMed]
11. Häussler S, Nimtz M, Domke T, Wray V, Steinmetz I. Purification and characterization of a cytotoxic exolipid of Burkholderia pseudomallei. Infect Immun 1998;66:1588-93. [PubMed]
12. Egan AM, Gordon DL. Burkholderia pseudomallei activates complement and is ingested but not killed by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Infect Immun 1996;64:4952-9.
13. Wong KT, Puthucheary SD, Vadivelu J. The histopathology of human melioidosis. Histopathology 1995;26:51-5. [PubMed]
14. Kespichayawattana W, Rattanachetkul S, Wanun T, Utaisincharoen P, Sirisinha S. Burkholderia pseudomallei induces cell fusion and actin-associated membrane protrusion: A possible mechanism for cell-to-cell spreading. Infect Immun 2000;68:5377-84.
15. Charuchaimontri C, Suputtamongkol Y, Nilakul C, Chaowagul W, Chetchotisakd P, Lertpatanasuwun N, et al. Antilipopolysaccharide II: an antibody protective against fatal melioidosis. Clin Infect Dis 1999;29:813-8. [PubMed]
16. Steinmetz I, Rohde M, Brenneke B. Purification and characterization of an exopolysaccharide of Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) pseudomallei. Infect Immun 1995;63:3959-65. [PubMed]
17. Reckseidler SL, DeShazer D, Sokol PA, Woods DE. Detection of bacterial virulence genes by subtractive hybridization: Identification of capsular polysaccharide of Burkholderia pseudomallei as a major virulence determinant. Infect Immun 2001;69:34-44.
18. Haussler S, Rohde M, Steinmetz I. Highly resistant Burkholderia pseudomallei small colony variants isolated in vitro and in experimental melioidosis. Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl)1999;188:91-7.
19. Walsh AL, Smith MD, Wuthiekanun V, Suputtamongkol Y, Chaowagul W, Dance DA, et al. Prognostic significance of quantitative bacteremia in septicemic melioidosis. Clin Infect Dis 1995;21:1498-500. [PubMed]
20. Brown AE, Dance DA, Suputtamongkol Y, Chaowagul W, Kongchareon S, Webster HK, et al. Immune cell activation in melioidosis: increased serum levels of interferon-gamma and soluble interleukin-2 receptors without change in soluble CD8 protein. J Infect Dis 1991;163:1145-8.
21. Suputtamongkol Y, Kwiatkowski D, Dance DA, Chaowagul W, White NJ. Tumor necrosis factor in septicemic melioidosis. J Infect Dis 1992;165:561-4. [PubMed]
22. Friedland JS, Suputtamongkol Y, Remick DG, Chaowagul W, Strieter RM, Kunkel SL, et al. Prolonged elevation of interleukin-8 and interleukin-6 concentrations in plasma and of leukocyte interleukin-8 mRNA levels during septicemic and localized Pseudomonas pseudomallei infection. Infect Immun 1992;60:2402-8.
23. Simpson AJ, Smith MD, Weverling GJ, Suputtamongkol Y, Angus BJ, Chaowagul W, et al. Prognostic value of cytokine concentrations (tumor necrosis factor, interleukin 6 and interleukin 10) and clinical parameters in severe melioidosis. J Infect Dis 2000;181:621-5.
24. Vasu C, Vadivelu J, Puthucheary SD. The humoral immune response in melioidosis patients during therapy. Infection 2003;31:24-30. [PubMed]
25. Wiersinga WJ, Currie BJ, Peacock SJ. Melioidosis. NEJM 2012;367:1035-44. [PubMed]
26. D Pitaks, S Chusana. Orbital infection caused by Burkhplderia pseudomallei: A mini review. J Infect Dis Antimicrob Agents 2011; 29: 99-103.
27. Mukhopadhyay C, Chawla K, Krishna S, Nagalakshmi N, Rao SP, Bairy I. Emergence of Burkholderia pseudomallei and pandrug-resistant non-fermenters from southern Karnataka, India. Trans Royal Soc Trop Med Hyg 2008;102:S12-7. [PubMed]
28. Vidyalakshmi K, Lipika S, Vishal S, Damodar S, Chakrapani M. Emerging clinico-epidemiological trends in melioidosis: Analysis of 95 cases from western coastal India. Int J Infec Dis 2012;16:e491-7. [PubMed]
29. Tiangpitayakorn C, Songsivilai S, Piyasangthong N, Dharakul T. Speed of detection of Burkholderia pseudomallei in blood cultures and its correlation with the clinical outcome. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1997;57:96-9. [PubMed]
30. Purabi Barman, Harish Sidhwa, and Pinak A Shirkhande. Melioidosis: a case report. J Glob Infect Dis. 2011 Apr-Jun; 3(2): 183–186. [PubMed]
31. Dharakul T, Songsivilai S, Smithikarn S, Thepthai C, Leelaporn A. Rapid identification of Burkholderia pseudomallei in blood cultures by latex agglutination using lipopolysaccharide-specific monoclonal antibody. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1999;61:658-62.
32. Jesudason MV, Balaji V, Sirisinha S, Sridharan G. Rapid identification of Burkholderia pseudomallei in blood culture supernatants by a coagglutination assay. Clin Microbiol Infect 2005;11:930-3.
33. Wuthiekanun V, Desakorn V, Wongsuvan G, Amornchai P, Cheng AC, Maharjan B, et al. Rapid immunofluorescence microscopy for diagnosis of melioidosis. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2005;12:555-6.
34. Wuthiekanun V, Amornchai P, Chierakul W, Cheng AC, White NJ, Peacock SJ, et al. Evaluation of Immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG Rapid Cassette Test Kits for Diagnosis of Melioidosis in an Area of Endemicity. J Clin Microbiol 2004;42:3435-7. [PubMed]
35. Limmathurotsakul D, Chantratita N, Teerawattanasook N, Piriyagitpaiboon K, Thanwisai A, Wuthiekanun V, et al. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the diagnosis of melioidosis: Better than we thought. Clin Infect Dis 2011;52:1024-8.
36. Chenthamarakshan V, Kumutha MV, Vadivelu J, Puthucheary SD. Distribution of immunoglobulin classes and IgG subclasses against a culture filtrate antigen of Burkholderia pseudomallei in melioidosis patients. J Med Microbiol 2001;50:55-61.
37. Chantratita N, Wuthiekanun V, Limmathurotsakul D, Thanwisai A, Chantratita W, Day NP, et al. Prospective clinical evaluation of the accuracy of 16S rRNA real-time PCR assay for the diagnosis of melioidosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2007;77:814-7.
CITATION
DOI: 10.17511/ijmrr.2014.i03.20
Published: 2014-06-30
How to Cite
1.
Karuna T, Khadanga S, Dugar D. Melioidosis: Indian perspective. Int J Med Res Rev [Internet]. 2014Jun.30 [cited 2024Jul.3];2(3):242-8. Available from: https://ijmrr.medresearch.in/index.php/ijmrr/article/view/103
Section
Review Article
OAI - Open Archives Initiative
