Pavithran

Effect of music during exercise on rate of perceived exertion mood status

Kumar K¹, Pavithran P², Das S.K. ³

¹Dr Kumar Kiran, Postgraduate in Physiology, ²Dr Purushothaman Pavithran, Assistant Professor of Physiology, ³Dr Shirahatti Krishna Das, Professor Head of Physiology; all authors are affiliated with A J Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Centre, Kuntikana, Mangalore, Karnataka, India.

Address for Correspondence: Dr. Pavithran P, Assistant Professor of Physiology, A J Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Mangalore, Karnataka, India. Email: drpavithran@outlook.com

Abstract

Background: Music has been used in boosting performance during various exercise and sports events. This present study was planned to assess the effect of music on mood status and rate of perceived exertion during jumping rope task. Methods: The study included sixty healthy students (males 30, female 30) with a mean age of 18 ± 2 years. Subjects were randomly assigned into three different groups (n = 20 in each). Group 1 fast music (120bpm), group 2 slow music (90bpm) and group 3 no music group. Subjects jumped rope while listening to music for fifteen minutes or until they reported fatigue, whichever was earliest. Blood pressure, respiratory rate, rate pressure product and Profile of Mood Status was recorded before and after exercise. Results: There was a significant increase in cardiorespiratory parameters, in group 1 (P<0.05) compared to Group 2 and Group 3. Results, also revealed significant decrease in fatigue and negative mood dimensions (P<0.001 for both) in group 1. Rate of Perceived exertion assessed after completing the exercise task was significantly lower in the group 2 compared to other two groups. Conclusion: It is concluded that exercising combined with upbeat fast music may have a positive effect on various mood parameters and cardiovascular parameters during exercise, but the same need not be true with regard of rate of perceived exertion.

Keywords: Self-selected music, Rate of perceived exertion, Mood status, exercise, Students

Manuscript received: 10th August 2016, Reviewed: 24th August 2016
Author Corrected: 5th September 2016, Accepted for Publication: 20th September 2016

Introduction

Music, like language has been associated with every culture and every known civilization [1]. The use of music in daily life has been reported in scripts from ancient Greek, China, India and Rome. It has also been known to have therapeutic properties since ages. Music has been used to treat soldiers in pain and traumatic injuries during World War I and II [2]. It has also been found to reduce sleeping problems [3], to improve speed of spatial processing and the accuracy of linguistic processing [4], has been used as an ergogenic aid during various physical activities and sports [5] and has also been reported to hasten post exercise recovery [6], decrease rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and also lower cardiovascular response to exercise [7]. There is a long history of beneficial effects of using music in sports and exercise. The ability of music to increase physical work activity has been documented for over 2800 years from ancient Greece, where the kithara, a harp like instrument and ﬂute was played during the Olympic games with the goal of improving performance during sporting activities [8].

Mood has been identified to be a central element of human behavior [9]. It is defined as the as a feeling, state or prolonged emotion that influences the whole of one's psychic life, which can affect perceived health, personal confidence, one's perceptions of the world around [10].

Music, a well-established source of entertainment is also known to have an influence on mood [11,12]. It has been reported to capture attention, lift spirit, generate emotion, change or regulate mood, increase work output, reduce inhibition and encourage rhythmic movements- all of which have potential applications in sports and exercise [13]. Exercise also has been reported to improve mood status [14]. Exercise has been suggested as an adjunct intervention in patients with mental disorders as it has been reported to reduce anxiety and depression [15].

It is a well-known fact that individuals have a tendency to monitor their mood status and also try to self-regulate their mood status to comfortable levels [9]. The authors have reported the use of music and exercise as tools to regulate mood status. Mood and emotion also plays an important role in sports performance. Music as a tool to dispel bad mood in sports persons has also been reported [16]. Studies have reported conflicting reports of music in its effect on mood status during sporting activities. No significant change in mood status was reported by a study on music intervention on emotional state in runners [17]. This study also highlighted the importance of music selection to play a role in improving emotional states during physical activity. In the present study we evaluated the combined effect of self-selected music and exercise on mood regulation. Not many studies from India have reported the acute effects of self-selected fast music in student’s emotional status during physical exertion.

Methodology

The present study was carried out in the department of Physiology, A J Institute of Medical Science and Research Centre, Mangalore, Karnataka, India. We recruited 60 undergraduate medical students (mean age 18 ± 2 years) of both gender ((Thirty males, thirty females). Participants were selected through simple random sampling technique. The research and ethics committees of our institute approved the study protocol. Written informed consent was also obtained from each participant prior to the study.

Students were randomly assigned to three different groups namely group 1- fast music, group 2- slow music and group 3 no music (Controls). The study protocol involved each doing a jumping rope task for fifteen minutes in light comfortable clothing. Subjects jumped rope while listening to the selected music. The fast music (tempo>120 bpm) used in the present study was self-selected by the participants in group 1, whereas the music with slow tempo was selected by the researcher(<90bpm). These conditions were meant to ensure that there was a considerable difference between the beat and tempo of each selection of music that was played throughout the study. The music was played using Samsung galaxy tab 2 through an Iball 2.1 speaker system.

Height and weight was measured and BMI calculated. Subjects respiratory rate and blood pressure was recorded before and after the skipping task. The participants were asked to exercise for 15 minutes or till they reported fatigue, whichever was earliest. The subjects were asked to complete the Profile of Mood status (POMS) and Borg’s Rate of Perceived Exertion scale (RPE) before and after the exercise [18, 19]. Throughout the study it was made sure that the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki regarding ethical conduct of research involving human subject was complied with.

Statistical Analysis: Data obtained are expressed as mean ± SD unless otherwise mentioned. Comparison of parameters was done by using one-way ANOVA and T Test. P ≤ 0.05 was considered as significant. SPSS software version-22 for windows based PC was used for statistical analysis.

Results

Baseline data for all the three groups is given in table 1. Table 2 shows the blood pressure, respiratory rate(RR) and rate pressure product (RPP) compared among the three group at baseline and after exercise. Systolic pressure (SP), Diastolic pressure (DP), RR and RPP were comparable at baseline. Whereas after exercise, SP, DP, RR and RPP were significantly different across groups. Within group analysis (Table 3) showed significant changes in SP, RR and RPP (P = 0.0001 for all), with the exception of DP which did not show any significant change following exercise in all three groups.

Table 4 shows the mood status parameters compared at baseline and after exercise. Anger, confusion, depression and tension parameters were significantly different across the three groups at baseline and after exercise. No significant change in fatigue (P= 0.056) and vigor (P = 0.596) was observed at baseline across the three groups. Following exercise significant difference was observed in fatigue (P =0.004) and vigor (P = 0.0001).

Table-1: Baseline parameters of all the three groups. Data expressed as mean ±SD

	Fast music (n=20)	Slow music (n=20)	No music (n=20)	P value
Age(years)	18.2±0.41	18.1±0.30	18.2±0.41	0.631
Height(mts)	1.63 ± 0.08	1. 56 ±0.08	1.52 ± 0.07	0.001
Weight(Kgs)	53.4±6.01	55.45±9.84	57.1±12.4	0.494
BMI(Kg/m²)	20.06±1.7	22.85±4.46	24.19±3.77	0.002

Table-2: Blood pressure, respiratory rate and rate pressure product in all three groups compared before and after exercise. Data expressed as mean ± SD.

	Fast Music	Slow Music	No Music	P value	Fast Music	Slow Music	No Music	P value
	Before exercise				After exercise
SP(mm Hg)	111 ±12	114 ± 7	116 ±11	0.148	150±12	129±1 0	150 ± 11	0.001
DP (mm Hg)	73 ± 9	71 ±11	75 ± 10	0.497	77 ± 6.	67 ± 6	80 ± 6	0.001
RR(breaths/min)	13 ± 1	14 ± 2	14 ± 2	0.673	30 ± 5	23 ± 3	26 ± 5	0.0001
RPP	95± 12	96 ± 10	95 ±15	0.951	192 ± 28	154 ± 17	181 ± 22	0.0001

Table-3: Blood pressure, respiratory rate and rate pressure product in all three groups compared by paired t test. Data expressed as mean ± SD.

	Fast Music		P value	Slow Music		P value	No Music			P value
	Before	After		Before	After		Before	After
SP(mm Hg)	111 ±12	150±12	0.0001	114 ± 7	129±1 0	0.0001	116 ±11	150 ± 11	0.0001
DP (mm Hg)	73 ± 9	77 ± 6.	0.169	71 ±11	67 ± 6	0.130	75 ± 10	80 ± 6	0.085
RR(breaths/min)	13 ± 1	30 ± 5	0.0001	14 ± 2	23 ± 3	0.0001	14 ± 2	26 ± 5	0.0001
RPP	95± 12	192 ± 28	0.0001	96 ± 10	154 ± 17	0.0001	95 ±15	181 ± 22	0.0001

Table-4: Mood status parameters in all three groups before and after exercise. Data expressed as mean ±SD

	Fast Music	Slow Music	No Music	P value	Fast Music	Slow Music	No Music	P value
	Before exercise				After exercise
Anger	8 ± 3.07	5.25 ± 2.53	4.6 ± 2.4	0.0001	1.3 ± 1.2	5.05 ± 2.8	4.95 ± 2.92	0.0001
Confusion	8.15 ± 1.69	5.75 ± 1.99	6.05 ± 1.70	0.0001	4.65 ± 1.13	5.65 ± 1.49	6.47 ± 1.87	0.003
Depression	10.65 ± 3.93	6.45 ± 2.81	6.45 ± 3.36	0.0001	1.90 ± 1.77	7.2 ± 3.66	6.91 ± 3.65	0.0001
Fatigue	4.65 ± 2.49	3.5 ± 1.8	3.1 ± 1.7	0.056	1.9 ± 1.2	3.8 ± 2.3	3.9 ± 2.3	0.004
Tension	10.05 ± 1.87	6.95 ± 1.66	6.9 ± 1.91	0.0001	3.35 ± 1.56	7.2 ± 1.61	7.05 ± 2.43	0.0001
Vigor	6.6 ± 2.3	5.7 ± 3.0	6.25 ± 2.93	0.596	9.7 ± 2.3	3.95 ± 1.76	6.5 ± 2.66	0.0001

Table-5: Mood status parameters in all three groups before and after exercise. Data expressed as mean ±SD

	Fast Music		P value	Slow Music		P value	No Music		P value
	Before	After	P value	Before	After		Before	After
Anger	8 ± 3	1.3 ± 1.2	0.0001	5. 3 ± 2.5	5 ± 2.8	0.75	4.6 ± 2.4	4.95 ± 2.9		0.79
Confusion	8 ± 1.6	4.6 ± 1.1	0.0001	5.6 ± 1.9	5.5 ± 2.8	0.62	6.05 ± 1.7	6.4 ± 1.8		0.30
Depression	10.65 ± 3.9	1.9 ± 1.77	0.0001	6.5 ± 2.8	7.2 ±3.6	0.07	6.45 ± 3.3	6.9 ± 3.6		0.34
Fatigue	4.65 ± 2.5	1.9 ± 1.20	0.01	3.5 ± 1.8	3.8 ± 2.3	0.22	3.1 ± 1.7	3.9 ± 2.3		0.02
Tension	10.0 ± 1.8	3.35 ± 1.5	0.001	6.9 ± 1.6	7.2 ± 1.6	0.21	6.9 ± 1.9	7 ± 2.4		0.79
Vigor	6.6 ± 2.3	9.7 ± 2.3	0.0001	5.7 ± 3	3.9 ± 1.7	0.05	6.2 ± 2.9	6.6 ± 2.6		0.60
POMS	35 ± 10	3.54 ± 4.6	0.0001	22 ± 8	25 ± 9	0.02	21 ± 8	23 ± 10		0.29

Within group comparison of various mood parameters (Table 5) demonstrated very significant changes in group I. Anger, confusion and depression was found to be significantly reduced in group I (P =0.0001 for all). Fatigue (P =0.01) and Tension(P=0.001) also showed significant reduction following exercise in group I. Vigor was observed to be significantly higher following exercise in this group (P=0.001). The overall effect was the significant lowering of POMS following exercise (P = 0.0001) in the group I

In Group II a significant increase in depression (P=0.07) and a decrease in vigor (P=0.05) was observed following exercise. None of the other parameters showed any significant change in this group. POMS (P= 0.02) showed a slight increment as compared to baseline.

In group III, after exercise except for fatigue there was no significant change in any of the mood parameters including POMS. Fatigue showed a significant increase in this group following exercise (P = 0.02). Statistically significant difference was observed in RPE between group I and group II; group II and group III (P = 0001 for both) (fig 1). RPE was lowest in group II as compared to the other two groups following exercise.

Discussion

Music as an adjuvant to various ongoing therapy has been reported very extensively. The basis for this use of music, is its ability to reduce anxiety and pain in patients [2]. It has also been used in motivating athletes involved in events like swimming [20], treadmill walking [21, 22] aerobic exercise wherein music has been reported to enhance endurance and exercise tolerance. The present study was carried out to compare the effect of self-selected fast music with that of slow music and no-music music during exercise and its effects on mood status and rate of perceived exertion.

In the present study we found self-selected fast music to improve vigor, reduce fatigue and also to decrease anger, depression, confusion and tension. This is in line with the reports wherein subjects exposed to self-selected music has been reported to be more efficient, to perceive lowest distraction, highest enjoyment, liking and appropriateness, and to experience a reduction in tension-anxiety [23]. Studies have also reported the positive effect of fast music, wherein the authors have reported an increase in duration of the exercise performed [24]. Japanese folk music and aerobic dance music has also been reported to reduce fatigue in women during bench stepping exercise. The same study has also reported an increase in vigor and less confusion with aerobic dance music compared to those on no music [25]. Studies have also reported that listening to fast, upbeat music during exercise may be beneficial for untrained runners but counterproductive for trained runners [26].

Perceived exertion is defined as the subjective intensity of effort, strain discomfort and/or the fatigue that is experienced during an exercise [27]. RPE as assessed by Borgs [19] 15-point scale in our study highlighted the fact the subjects on fast music had the highest RPE compared to those on slow music, but not no-music. This is in contrast to most of the studies on fast music and RPE, that having reported a lowering of RPE with fast music compared to slow music. In line with our study findings, a study on the effects of different types of music on HR, RPE, and time to exhaustion during treadmill work have reported slow music to lower RPE [22]. A study assessing the effect of music listening during exercise have highlighted its positive effect on exercise and RPE, but have not mentioned the tempo of the music used in that study [28]. In contrast to our study findings are findings of the study which has reported fast music to lower RPE levels during 20 minutes of moderate intensity exercise. The authors of the same study have also reported slow music to also lower RPE. The second part of their findings are in line with our study findings [29]. There are studies which have reported no effect of fast music on RPE [30, 31].

In the present study as the subjects were involved in exercise, SP, RR and RPP product which is an index of myocardial oxygen consumption [32] showed a significant increase following exercise. In line with the present study finding is the report on the effect of fast and slow music on cardiovascular and hemodynamic parameters in steady state exercise wherein an increase in oxygen consumption, cardiac output and minute ventilation and a decrease in systemic vascular resistance was reported [33]. In contrast to our study findings, no significant difference in pulse rate and bicycle ergometer riding time was reported while using fast music, slow and no music [34]. In the present study, even though there was significant increase in SP, RR and RPP in the fast music group as compared to the slow music group, there was no significant difference in these parameters between fast music and no music group. The mechanism by which music regulates stress arousal, and emotions has been proposed to be by way of activating brainstem responses. Music has been reported to modulate heart rate, pulse, blood pressure, body temperature, skin conductance, and muscle tension [35]. Tempo is also said to play an important role in this mechanism, wherein slow music is said to decrease HR, RR and BP, whereas fast music has the opposite effect [36]. Music has also been reported to increase cerebral blood flow in areas of the brain concerned with reward and reinforcement mechanism [35]. This could be a one of the mechanism involved in the increased performance and other positive effects of observed in subjects listening to fast music in the present study group.

Most of the studies on the effect of fast music, slow music and no music have reported self-selected fast music to be better in terms of mood status and rate of perceived exertion during exercise task. From the present study we conclude that self-selected fast music compared to slow and no music is better tool to control mood, but the same could not be said for its role on RPE as we find our results are in contrary to this. In the present subset of subjects, we could not find self-selected fast music to lower RPE, even though it improved mood parameters in them. The study also leaves some unanswered questions as to why there was no significant difference between POMS values, cardiovascular parameters and RPE between no music and fast music.

Acknowledgment- The authors are thankful to the management of A J Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre for providing us the opportunity to carry out this work in the department of Physiology. We also thank the makers of Paperpile, reference manager, which has helped us immensely while preparing this manuscript.

Author contribution: All authors have read and accepted the final version of the manuscript and has approved its submission.

Funding: Nil, Conflict of interest: None initiated
Permission from IRB: Yes

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How to cite this article?

Kumar K, Pavithran P Das S.K. Effect of music during exercise on rate of perceived exertion & mood status. Int J Med Res Rev 2016;4(9):1706-1712.doi:10.17511/ijmrr. 2016.i09.32.